Imagine placing a bioprobe on a nail-sized slide, silicon wafer, nylon membrane, etc., which first reacts with the sample to be tested, then collects the signal associated with the reaction, and finally uses a computer or What are the effects of other methods of analyzing data results? The answer is accurate, fast, and informative testing of cells, proteins, DNA, and other biological components. This is what we call biochips. The main features of biochips are high throughput, miniaturization and automation. Thousands of densely packed molecular microarrays integrated on the chip can analyze a large number of biomolecules in a short time, enabling people to quickly and accurately acquire biological information in samples, which is tens of thousands of times more efficient than traditional detection methods. .
As early as 1997, Fortune magazine reported that "two things in the history of science and technology in the 20th century have far-reaching effects: First, microelectronic chips, which are the 'heart' of computers and many home appliances, have changed our economy and culture. Life has entered every family; the other is biochip, which will change the way life science research, innovate medical diagnosis and treatment, and greatly improve the quality and health of the population."
The term biochip was first introduced in the early 1980s, when it mainly referred to molecular electronic devices. It is a high-tech developed rapidly in the field of life sciences. It mainly refers to micro-biochemical analysis systems built on the surface of solid chips through micro-processing technology and micro-electronic technology to achieve cells, proteins, DNA and other biological groups. Accurate, fast, and large amount of information detection. It was originally necessary to have a large number of test tubes in a large laboratory to complete the experimental reaction, which is now completed on a small chip.
The development of biochip technology originally benefited from the theory of nucleic acid hybridization proposed by Ed Southern, that is, a labeled nucleic acid molecule can hybridize to a nucleic acid molecule to which it is paired with a complementary pair. From this perspective, Southern blot can be seen as the prototype of biochips.
The real emergence of biochips was in the early 1990s, when the development of the Human Genome Project (HGP) and molecular biology related disciplines provided favorable conditions for the emergence and development of gene chip technology. A group led by Affymetrix's Fodor organization of semiconductor experts and molecular biology experts to develop photosynthetic peptides using photoetching techniques.
In 1992, the first in-situ synthesis of DNA chips using semiconductor photolithography was reported. This is the world's first gene chip. The technique refers to hybridizing a large number of probe molecules (usually having a lattice density of more than 400 per square centimeter) to a labeled sample molecule, and then detecting the intensity of the hybridization signal of each probe molecule to obtain a sample molecule. Quantity and sequence information. In layman's terms, tens of thousands or even millions of specific DNA fragments (gene probes) are regularly arranged and fixed on 2cm silicon wafers, slides and other supports by micromachining technology. A two-dimensional array of DNA probes is very similar to a computer's electronic chip, so it is called a gene chip. Gene chips are mainly used for genetic testing.
Then in 1993, an oligonucleotide biochip appeared. The main principle of the oligonucleotide chip is similar to that of the cDNA chip. The hybridization is mainly performed by the principle of base complementary pairing to detect the presence or amount of the corresponding fragment.
In 1994, it was proposed to perform rapid DNA sequence analysis using a photosynthetic oligonucleotide chip.
In 1995, biochips continued to develop. P. Stanford University Brown Labs invented the first glass-based gene microarray chip.
Until 1996, the world's first commercial biochip was created using multidisciplinary techniques such as photolithography, computer, semiconductor, laser confocal scanning, oligonucleotide synthesis, and fluorescent-labeled probe hybridization.
China's biochip research began in 1997-1998. With the strong support of national policies and the high attention of the industry, China's biochip technology and industry have developed rapidly.
On February 29, 2000, Dr. Cheng Jing (currently an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering) held the title of "Biochip - the next century revolution" for the leadership of the State Council and various ministries and commissions at the "Tenth Science and Technology Seminar of the General Office of the State Council" held in Zhongnanhai. The theme report of "Sexual Technology" calls for "China should increase investment in biochip research and development, implement strong combination, establish a national engineering research center as soon as possible, and quickly research and develop a batch of specialized technologies with intellectual property rights in China. Participate in the ranks of international competition." It was at this meeting that the national leaders decided to develop China's biochip industry. In September of the same year, the Biochip Beijing National Engineering Research Center was formally established. This represents the official start of China's biochip industry.
During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, the National 863 Program focused on the implementation of the "Functional Genomics and Biochip Research" major project, and actively supported the systematic research and development of biochips. More and more private capital was invested in the chip industry, and capital operations entered benign cycle. After several years of development, China's biochip industry has moved from technical research and product development to the stage of technology application and product sales. Some technologies and products have reached the international leading level, and made great breakthroughs in the development of expression chip, major disease diagnostic chip and biochip related equipment.
Biochips can be used for disease prediction, prevention, and individualized treatment. By studying individual genetic sequences, doctors can propose health management and medical advice to people with bad genes to more effectively prevent and treat complex diseases such as mental illness, cancer, and diabetes.
Biochips can be used for the diagnosis of hereditary diseases. In China, there are many types of genetic diseases, and there are more than 4,000 single-gene genetic diseases. Prevention and early intervention of these diseases are important, but there has been no effective means for early diagnosis. The root cause of hereditary diseases is due to changes in normal gene sequences, and the location of genes and changes in the type of genes can be accurately determined by gene chips (a type of biochip). Biochips can also play a role in infectious disease diagnosis and drug resistance testing, organ transplantation, drug screening, guiding individualized drugs, health quarantine, and forensic identification.
With the development and maturity of biochip technology, it will greatly improve and improve the quality of our lives and protect our life and health.
Transfer from: Science China
cosmetic
Xi'an complex bio-tech CO.,LTD. , https://www.complexpowder.com