1 pepper water and fertilizer demand characteristics
Peppers have a longer growing period and therefore require more water. The growth period of pepper is about 130 days. The water requirement per 667m2 is 546m3, and the average daily water requirement is 42m3.
The nutrient uptake capacity of pepper is that, for every 1,000 kg of fruit produced, it is necessary to absorb pure nitrogen (N) 3-5.2 kg, phosphorus (P2O2) 0.6-1.1 kg, potassium (K2O) 5-6.5 kg, calcium 1.5-2 kg, magnesium 0.5-0.7kg, its nutrient absorption ratio is 1:0.21:1.40:0.43:0.15. Peppers of different growth stages have different nutrient uptake. With the increase of fruit production, how to prevent and control the absorption of nitrogen in greenhouse pepper epidemic disease also increased, the absorption of nitrate nitrogen and the balance of fruit production until the end of harvest. The absorption of potassium and magnesium is also increasing from the fruit harvest, and it is absorbed most in the full fruit period. If potassium is lacking, it is easy to cause defoliation; when magnesium is lacking, leaf yellowing occurs in the leaf veins. When fertilization is low, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the stem and leaf are relatively reduced, but the content in the fruit is relatively increased. When too much fertilizer is applied, the nutrient content in the stem and leaf is increased, which easily leads to excessive vegetative growth of the plant, thereby impeding the absorption of nutrients by the fruit. It caused a reduction in production.
2 Water and fertilizer management measures in different periods
2.1 Water and fertilizer management at seedling stage
There are two types of pepper seedlings, including open seedlings and facility nursery. In most areas, facilities are used to raise seedlings. The method includes the breeding of hot stuffs, the raising of plastic film covering the cold bed, the nursery of the greenhouse, and the rapid raising of seedlings. The nursery time is generally up to 100-120 days. Therefore, soils with high organic matter content, good granule structure, and uncultivated eggplant vegetables should be used on the seedbed. In the seedbed, it is necessary to apply ripe organic fertilizer. Generally about 150-200 kg of organic fertilizer is applied per 10 m2 of seedbed. After fully mixing with the seedbed soil, 1-2 kg of superphosphate is spread and ploughed 3-4 times. After pouring, make sure to sow. Usually do not top-dressing during the nursery period. If the growth of seedlings is slow, the leaves are narrow, and the stalks are weak, they can be applied with sulfuric acid or about 1 kg of compound fertilizer 15-20 days before planting.
2.2 Water and fertilizer management before planting
Due to the long growing period of pepper, especially the control methods of the chili pepper and anthracnose which are cultivated more frequently, the growth period is as long as 7-8 months, and the root system of the pepper is shallow and the fertilizer is strong, so it is necessary to apply the base fertilizer. General 667m2 decomposed quality organic fertilizer 5000-8000kg. Base fertilizer can use human excreta, pig manure and earth miscellaneous fertilizer, etc., at the same time pay attention to the application of phosphorus, potash fertilizer. Calcium superphosphate can be used after 25-30kg and organic fertilizers, or 25-30kg of potassium sulfate can be mixed. The method of fertilization is to apply 60% of base fertilizer before soil preparation, and then apply 40% of the rest of the kerf when planting. This combination of spreading and furrowing has both long-lasting effects and is conducive to young seedlings. Then make a foot pouring water, generally the amount of water per 667m2 is 60-80m3.
2.3 Water and fertilizer management after planting
After the colonization of pepper, the changes in the shape of the leaves, flower organs, and fruits can all reflect the nutrient status of the plant. When the nutrient conditions are appropriate, the leaves are wide. Excessive nitrogen, nutrient imbalance, it grows into a narrow, twisted boat-shaped leaves. When the nutrient conditions are appropriate, short flower studs are produced; in the absence of nutrients, middle stylized flowers are produced; in the absence of further, long stylus flowers are produced, and such flowers cannot be pollinated by white flowers and are easily fallen. When the nutrient conditions are appropriate, the fruits grow fast and form normal fruits; when the nutrients are lacking, the fruits cannot expand normally, or the growth is slow, and the harvesting time is delayed.
When peppers are planted, they can be transplanted using a method of stabilizing the seedlings with water, or when the seedlings are irrigated, combined with topdressing of diluted manure water, generally 667 m2 of water is 40-60 m3. After the end of the pepper seedlings, the stems and leaves above the door pepper have grown 3-5 knots. When the fruit grows to the size of the walnut, it can be combined with water to chase the human fecal urine, and 667m2 is applied with 2000-2500 kg of diluted fecal water. 50-70m3. After 15 days, the 2nd fertilizer was topdressed. The application amount and watering amount were the same as above. After the pepper plant pods lush, a lot of short branches, into the fruit harvest period. At this time, in order to prevent the lodging of the plants in the rainy season, it is possible to combine the cultivation of soils to top up 1500-2000 kg of organic fertilizer or 20-25 kg of potassium sulfate. It is good for plants to protect their fruits. After the soil is cultivated, the water should be slowly poured to promote the normal growth of the plant roots. The general amount of water is 50-70m3. Into the rainy season, in order to prevent defermenting after the rain, potassium sulfate can be applied 20-25kg 1 times, in order to promote the plant to continue flowering results. After the rainy season, the pepper plants will enter the rejuvenation period. It is necessary to apply fertilizer and water in a timely manner, and topdressing and pouring water alternately. General fertilizer 2-3 times, watering 4-5 times, topdressing amount of ammonium sulfate 15-20kg/667m2, watering capacity of 40-60m3/667m2. After the weather is cool, you can apply manure water to promote early flowering, early fruiting and early maturation. During the flowering period, it is also possible to apply fertilizer with foliar spray and apply 0.5% urea + 0.2% -0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution to increase the number of pepper fruits and improve fruit quality.
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