Process and precautions of black fungus cultivation in winter

The process of outdoor cultivation of black fungus is as follows: preparation of culture materials, mixing, bagging, sterilization, cooling, inoculation with hyphae culture, sturgeon, germination, primary harvest, intermittent harvest, secondary harvest. .
(I) Seasonal arrangement and variety selection: The climate in different regions of North and South China is quite different, and the production season should be determined according to the local climate conditions. In general, the production season of the mycobacterial bag is determined based on the optimal ear temperature of the black fungus and the time required for mycelium growth. Due to the large productivity of the farmland in the north, the limited daily production capacity, and the cold winter weather, the fungus can be produced 1-2 months in advance, and can be refrigerated for use.
Usually the southern black fungus comes out in spring and autumn, and the northern black fungus comes out from April to September. The choice of black fungus varieties should take into account market demand, local climate and breed characteristics. Black fungus varieties not only require high yield, but also good quality, and have strong adaptability and resistance to impurities to promote large-scale production. At present, the varieties that perform well in production practice include Hei 29, Au916 and Xinke. For small-hole monolithic cultivation, it is best to choose bowl varieties suitable for small-hole cultivation. The ears are black-brown in color, and the difference is obvious. Generally, good breeds with small ear roots, good developmental pieces, round edges, few veins, and thick ears are selected. Most black agaric chrysanthemum-shaped varieties are cultivated in small holes, and the fruiting bodies are easily connected to form a flower.

(2) Preparation for Substitute Cultivation:

1. Prepare strains according to the climatic characteristics of the region. After determining the variety and bag making date, prepare the breeding mother seed 95-100 days in advance, the original production seed 80-90 days in advance, and the production cultivated seed 40 days in advance. Black fungus production mostly uses bacterial species and wood dust species. Sawdust strains have low cost, fast hyphae colonization, and are not easy to contaminate. The inoculation speed of the shoots is fast, especially it can be directly inserted into the bottom of the bag, and the mycelium germinates at the same time above and below the branches, which shortens the culture period. In batch production of bacteria bags, environmental control conditions are good, and liquid bacteria can be selected. After 7-8 days of fermentation, the liquid bacteria stop air intake and stand still. The cocci sink, the supernatant is clear and transparent, and there is no or little foam on the surface. The flora on the surface of the pellet was differentiated, and the surface flora was normal. Black fungus species are not resistant to high temperatures. During long-distance transportation and storage, the bacteria easily burn to death at high temperatures.

2. Black fungus is a typical wood rot fungus, but the yield and quality of soft mixed wood chips such as poplar and willow are not as good as hard mixed wood chips such as lime tree and elm. Although straw can be used as a substitute for wood chip cultivation, it is not as good as wood chip cultivation in terms of taste and yield. After accumulated for more than 2 years, fully-fermented pine sawdust can also be used to cultivate black fungus instead of mixed sawdust. The common formula of black fungus replacement cultivation is:

(1) 80% shavings, 15% bran or rice bran, 2% soybean meal, 1.5% corn flour, 1% gypsum, and 0.5% light calcium carbonate.

(2) 55% shavings, 25% corn cob, 15% bran or rice bran, 2% soybean meal, 1.5% corn flour, 1% gypsum, and 0.5% light calcium carbonate.

(3) 80% of soybean straw powder, 18% of wheat bran or rice bran, 1% of gypsum, and 0.5% to 1% of lime. Wood chips and rainwater accumulate for a period of time. The best fermentation base is wheat bran that should be large, fresh and free of mildew. Rice bran requires oil bran, gypsum, and appropriate use of feed or edible gypsum.

3. Black fungus cultivation is mainly based on outdoor cultivation. Open-air planting should be sunny, windproof, close to water sources, convenient in transportation, and the ground is hoeing and trenching for drainage.
(3) Production of bacteria bags:

Mycelium bag production includes ingredients, bagging, sterilization, inoculation and mycelium culture.

1. Batched wood chips should be thick and dense, with coarse wood chips accounting for 25% -30%. Saw the wood chips to remove stones, bark, branches, metal and other debris. In large-scale production, the material is often stirred in three stages with a mixer to make the medium fully mixed. The water content of the culture should be controlled at 60% -65%, and the pH value is 7 ~ 8. Polyethylene plastic bags for culture are generally used. Smaller culture bags are generally used, and small mouths are preferred. Bagging machines are preferred. The inoculation holes are mostly fixed with plastic inserts and can be inserted manually or mechanically.

2. After sterilization and cooling, put the material bag into the sterilization tank, increase the temperature in the tank to 100 ° C in the shortest time, and control the size of the steam inlet valve to keep the temperature in the tank always at 98-100 ° C. . Maintain it for at least 10 hours. The autoclave requires special sterilization procedures. Generally it is sterilized at 108 ℃ for 4h, and the inoculation equipment should be sterilized together. After sterilizing at normal pressure, letting it stay up all night to cool naturally is not only a cooling process, but also a continuous sterilization process. Wait until the temperature in the tank drops below 70 ° C before opening the tank. Do not place forced cooling at extremely low temperatures to prevent the bag from drawing cold air pollution.
3. Inoculation and mycelium culture, inoculation environment and aseptic operation requirements are the same as that of shiitake mushroom bagging. The mycelium culture room should be clean, hygienic and well ventilated. Each cubic meter of incubation room can inject 14ml formaldehyde into 7g potassium permanganate to generate smoke for space fumigation, or use professional aerosol disinfectant for fumigation. Place the inoculated fungus bag on a shelf. It is best placed in a single layer or horizontal position. However, there should be a gap of 2-3 cm between the bacteria bags. The whole process of mycelium culture should be performed in a dark or low-light environment, and measures should be taken to block the door and window light.
The culture of the bacteria bag is 1-3 days, the culture temperature is 28-30 ° C, the light is dark, and the air is not ventilated. After the 4th to 9th days, the temperature drops by 1 ° C every day, and the less the movement, the better. From the tenth to the twentieth day, the mycelium entered a fast-growing stage, respiratory metabolism accelerated, exhaled carbon dioxide increased, and the bacteria bag began to warm up. At this time, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation, turn over the pile, pick out the contaminated bacteria bags, and gradually reduce the temperature to 22-25 ° C. After culturing for 20 days, increase the ventilation volume and the number of ventilations, further reduce the temperature, and humidify the environment appropriately. In particular, when the temperature of the bacteria bag is too high, it can cause "burning bacteria". After 25 to 35 days of culture, after the mycelium is filled with mycelium bags, continue to culture for 6-7 days to allow the hypha to completely degrade the culture medium. This process is called post-maturation or "trapped bacteria".
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