In recent years, as the price of grapes has risen step by step, the efficiency of grape planting has increased steadily, and farmers' enthusiasm for investment in grape cultivation has increased. In the past few days, Shaanxi fruit farmers have contacted an acre of three-point grapes for about 50 kg of fertilizer. Excessive input leads to random fertilization and excessive fertilization, resulting in frequent fat damage and serious root burning. The following are some common misunderstandings of fertilization as summarized below for reference by the majority of growers.
First, the new planting of vines, the new roots do not grow out to fertilize, or the base fertilizer is too shallow, resulting in dead seedlings.
Newly planted vines usually have new roots grown when the tendrils grow. Excessive fertilizer is applied before the new root grows. On the one hand, the seedlings are difficult to absorb water, on the other hand, it is difficult for the new roots to grow. In the case of high temperature, the ground part is dry and dead.
Note: When the new root just grows out, it is not suitable to use high concentrations of fertilizer.
Second, after germination, the leaves are yellowed and fertilized and watered.
Before germination to flowering, 65% of the nutrients came from the storage of the tree in the previous year. At this time, the tree showed yellowing, mainly due to insufficient nutrient accumulation in the tree in the previous year. The related factors are as follows:
(1) The output in the previous year was high, the harvest was late, and the nutrient accumulation was insufficient;
(2) In the late last year, downy mildew caused the leaves to fall early;
(3) In the late part of last year, there were many nitrogen fertilizers, and the branches could not mature normally when they were defoliated;
(4) In the late last year, the soil moisture exceeded the roots or the amount of fertilization was too large, causing a large number of root deaths;
(5) The base fertilizer is applied too late or in the spring to ditch and fertilize, and the root system is damaged a lot. All these reasons are basically related to the weak and weak root system. The temperature rises rapidly in early spring and the ground temperature rises slowly. If a large amount of fertilization and watering is selected, the soil temperature will be lower and the root absorption capacity will be worse, plus the root itself. If it is weak, it will appear that the more watering and fertilization, the less prolonged. In this case, on the one hand, it is necessary to loosen the soil, improve the ground temperature, and at the same time, to supplement the nutrients of the foliage, it can be applied according to the above foliar application scheme.
Third, the treetop yellowing or the whole tree yellowing will blindly supplement the iron fertilizer.
Some orchards, the leaves of the treetops are yellow, and even the leaves of the whole tree are yellowish in color. The symptoms are very similar to iron deficiency. It is not necessarily the lack of iron in the soil. Most of the soil is cold and wet, the roots are poorly breathed, and the absorption capacity is weak. The absorption of other elements is difficult, resulting in yellowing of the upper part of the tree. This phenomenon occurs mostly in greenhouses or in orchards covered with mulch and soil moisture.
Fertilizing or watering at this time will lower the ground temperature and aggravate the symptoms of iron deficiency. Elements such as leaf iron supplementation are not a substitute for root absorption, and can only be used to treat the symptoms. The first thing to do is to loosen the soil, drain and damp. The greenhouse grapes should be loosened, and the wind should be released in time to release the wind. It can reduce the temperature inside the shed, reduce the water consumption, and reduce the humidity. For the orchard covered with plastic film, the mulch and loose soil should be uncovered as soon as possible. At the same time, the foliage is supplemented with nutrients for the growth and development of the grapes.
Fourth, the vines grow slowly and apply a lot of fertilizer.
Many vines are not long, and new shoots are difficult to grow. The main reason is that the soil moisture is too large or the soil is not airtight. The roots are difficult to breathe, the absorption capacity is low, or the roots are few and weak. At this time, fertilization leads to greater soil moisture and poorer gas permeability. When the amount of fertilizer applied is too large, it is easy to burn roots. The first thing to solve in this situation is the problem of soil permeability and root respiration. Loosing and dehumidification are effective measures. I strongly agree with what a teacher said, "The root system is the engine."
Fifth, the more fertilization the better, the heavy fertilization and light absorption.
Many grape growers take it for granted that the more fertilized the better the grapes grow, the higher the yield. According to research by Liu Ailing and Wang Shiping of Shanghai Jiaotong University, the ratio of grapes with high concentration of fertilizer to medium and low concentration fertilizers is lower and the quality is worse.
As mentioned above, there are 5 bags of fertilizer on more than one acre of land. There is no root system to grow at all, let alone absorb it. Since it can't be absorbed, why bother with fertilizer? Many fruit farmers are very blind when they are fertilizing, and they compare each other. The amount of fertilizer applied is getting bigger and bigger.
In a sense, it is better to use more fertilization than to increase the utilization rate of fertilizers, increase absorption, or say that more fertilization is not as long as roots. It is beneficial to root growth and absorption by creating a soil environment that is loose and breathable, not dry and wet, and rich in organic matter. The soil environment is good, the root system will be good, and the healthy root system is the guarantee of healthy growth on the ground, and there will be healthy and good fruits.
6. Fertilization is too concentrated and too close to the trunk.
The distance that fertilizer can move in the soil is limited, that is to say, when the fertilization is concentrated, only part of the roots are absorbing nutrients. Concentration of fertilization is likely to cause the local concentration of fertilizer to be too high, causing root burning. The root nutrient absorption is mainly absorbed by the capillary roots, and the capillary roots are distributed too close to the trunk. Most of them are relatively thick roots. These roots mainly transport nutrients and water absorbed from the capillary roots, and have no absorption function.
When the tree is too close to the fertilization, not only the absorption and utilization rate is low, but also the coarse root system is easily burned, which has a great impact on the growth of the tree. If a large number of roots die in the previous year, the pathogens spread along the roots of death, which will cause the branches in the next year to suddenly die.
7. When drip irrigation, only drop the fertilizer, do not drip the water.
When drip irrigation in individual orchards, fertilizer is added every time, and the fertilizer is stopped immediately after the fertilizer is dripped. Since the amount of water per drop is limited, the water on the surface evaporates, causing the fertilizer concentration in the soil to become higher and higher, and finally the root system is burned out. The integration of water and fertilizer should be preceded by dropping the fertilizer for 15 minutes, and then dripping the fertilizer for 30 minutes.
Eight, organic fertilizer is equal to organic matter.
Organic fertilizers and organic matter are two different concepts, and many people equate them. Organic fertilizer refers to carbonaceous materials mainly derived from plants and/or animals and applied to the soil to provide plant nutrition as its main function. Organic matter refers to organic matter that contains vital functions. Soil organic matter (humus) refers to substances derived from life in the soil.
These include: soil microbes and soil animals and their secretions, as well as plant residues and plant secretions in the soil. Soil organic matter is at work by regulating soil permeability, cushioning performance, increasing beneficial microorganisms, and improving fertilizer utilization. The purpose of applying organic fertilizer is to increase soil organic matter. Many fruit farmers pay more attention to the nutrients such as NPK, and ignore the most useful organic matter.
Organic materials in organic fertilizers need to undergo biotransformation before they become humus, and there is a problem of humification coefficient. There are a lot of organic fertilizers, the organic content of the label is very high, but the humus that can be converted into is very few, so the choice of organic fertilizer should not only consider the organic content, but also consider the humification coefficient.
Nine, fresh chicken manure or pig manure simple compost is considered to be decomposed.
Fresh chicken manure or pig manure contains more nitrogen, phosphorus and other ingredients and is inexpensive. There are several issues to be aware of when applying:
First, the ammonia and putrescine (odor) contained in the grape leaves and roots have a great damage.
Second, many pathogens and nematodes will be brought in.
Third, heavy metal pollution. Heavy metals increase the salt content of the soil, and the salt content of many dried chicken manures exceeds 10%. The long-term application causes soil salinization.
Fourth, it causes excessive nitrogen fertilizer and imbalance between elements. Fresh chicken manure or pig manure is simply composted, and harmful bacteria and nematodes are not reduced throughout the process, losing part of the nitrogen fertilizer (ammonia and putrescine) and affecting the environment. This fertilizer is applied to the soil and can easily cause severe root burning or root rot.
Fresh chicken manure or pig manure needs to be piled up with organic materials such as wet straw. After high-temperature fermentation, the nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. in chicken manure or pig manure are used and transformed by microorganisms. The form of harm is more easily absorbed by the grapes, and the NPK will be more balanced. Moreover, during high-temperature fermentation, harmful germs and nematodes are killed in large quantities, making grapes safer and making the soil healthier.
After high-temperature fermentation, the chicken manure or pig manure smells no odor, white hyphae, unbleached chicken manure or pig manure, no hyphae, and smells stinky.
10. Soil with severe acidification, continue to apply physiological acid fertilizer.
The pH of the soil affects the absorption of mineral elements by the grapes. At the same time, the soil pH is closely related to the activity and population distribution of the microorganisms, and also has a great influence on the growth and development of the grapes. Under acidic conditions, soil organic matter is decomposed, soil buffer capacity is reduced, soil compaction is caused, water permeability and permeability are deteriorated, and the growth and development of crops are seriously affected.
Acidic soils breed fungi, root rot and root-knot nematodes increase. In general old orchards, soil acidification occurs due to the continuous application of sulfur-based or chlorine-based fertilizers for many years. If the soil has been acidified, it is not appropriate to apply these physiologically acidic fertilizers. It should be adjusted with physiological alkaline fertilizers.
11. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer affects the absorption of calcium and some trace elements.
When the phosphorus element is excessive, it will affect the absorption of zinc, iron, boron and manganese. Excessive phosphorus will simultaneously cure the ionic calcium and magnesium and reduce absorption. The absorption of calcium and magnesium by grapes is much greater than the absorption of phosphorus. (Yonong.com)
This article URL: 2017 grape planting technology fertilization summary how to fertilize grapes high yield
What's red light therapy? Red light therapy before and after
Red light therapy (RLT) is a treatment that may aid in the healing of skin, muscle tissue, and other body components. It exposes you to red or near-infrared light at modest intensities. Infrared light is a sort of energy that your eyes cannot see but which your body perceives as heat. Red light is comparable to infrared light, however it is visible.
Low-level laser treatment (LLLT), low-power laser therapy (LPLT), and photobiomodulation are all terms for red light therapy (PBM).
What Is Red Light Therapy and How Does It Work?
Red light treatment involves exposing your skin to a red-light bulb, gadget, or laser. Mitochondria, also known as the "power generators" of your cells, absorb it and use it to produce additional energy. This, according to some scientists, helps cells repair themselves and grow healthier. This promotes skin and muscular tissue repair.
The skin is not injured or burned by red light treatment since it employs very low amounts of heat. It is not the same sort of light used in tanning salons, and it does not expose your skin to UV rays that are harmful to your skin.
What Is It Used For?
Red light treatment has been studied for a long time. However, there aren't many research on it, and no one knows if it's better than other sorts of healing treatments. The use of red light therapy may be beneficial in the following situations:
Dementia. People with dementia who received near-infrared light treatment on their heads and via their nostrils on a daily basis for 12 weeks had improved memory, slept better, and were less irritable.
Pain in the teeth. People with temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome (TMD) experienced decreased discomfort, clicking, and jaw soreness after receiving red light treatment, according to another small study.
Hair loss is a common occurrence. In one research, men and women with androgenetic alopecia (a hereditary condition that causes hair loss) gained thicker hair after using an at-home RLT device for 24 weeks. The outcomes were not the same for those who utilized a bogus RLT gadget in the trial.
Osteoarthritis. According to one research, red and infrared light treatment reduced osteoarthritis-related pain by more than half.
Tendinitis. RLT appears to reduce inflammation and discomfort in persons with Achilles tendonitis, according to a small trial of seven participants.
Wrinkles and other symptoms of aging and damage to the skin. RLT has been shown in studies to aid with wrinkles and skin smoothing. RLT can also assist with acne scars, burns, and sun damage indications.
What Are the Consequences?
Even though experts aren't clear how or why red light treatment works, it's usually thought to be safe. There are also no hard and fast guidelines on how much light to use. Too much light can harm skin tissue, while too little can make it less effective.
What Is Red Light Therapy and Where Can You Get It?
At most cases, it's done in a doctor's office. Some salons and dentistry clinics, however, do it as well. You may also purchase a red light treatment gadget on your own. Side effects and injuries are more likely to occur with salon and at-home treatments. If you're considering red light treatment, see your doctor first.
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