Biotechology refers to the use of living organisms (or organisms) to improve products, improve plants and animals, or cultivate microorganisms for special purposes. Modern biotechnology is developed on the basis of traditional biotechnology. It is marked by the establishment of DNA recombination technology. It is based on the results of modern biological research, with genes or genomes at the core, and the biotechnology industry is based on the gene industry and radiated. In various fields of biotechnology, the use of biospecific functions through modern biotechnology design methods and methods to change the physiological and biochemical reactions and material metabolism processes in animals, apply feed processing and new technologies, and develop new feed additive products for human production All kinds of substances needed, including food, medicine, food, chemical raw materials, energy, metals and other products. The application of modern biotechnology in animal husbandry can be used to save feed, improve feed utilization, improve the quality of the environment, prevent animal diseases, and achieve animal production with high quality, high yield, and high efficiency. At the same time, a large number of new types of nutrients can be produced. , health products and additives. 1 Fermentation Engineering Technology Fermentation engineering is an organic combination of the basic principles of microbiology, biochemistry and chemical engineering. It is an engineering technology that utilizes the growth and metabolic activities of microorganisms to produce various useful substances. This technology can be used to produce antibiotics, vitamins and other commonly used drugs and human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, interferon, hyaluronic acid and other new drugs for the production of microbial proteins, amino acids and some food additives (such as citric acid, lactic acid, natural pigments, etc.) For biological nitrogen fixation and microbial feed production, microorganisms can be used to purify toxic polymer compounds, eliminate toxic gases and malodorous substances, and treat organic waste water, waste residues, and so on. Vitamins C, B2, B12, D, and β-carotene produced by the fermentation method or the semi-synthetic method include vitamins. At present, microbial fermentation production and genetic engineering techniques clone genes that synthesize specific amino acids into microbial cell plasmids, so that with the aid of the proliferation of certain microorganisms, biotechnology has been used in the production of amino acids with new strains. These methods have yields. High, short production cycle, low cost, etc. Komatsubar et al. have successfully used gene transduction technology in the production of some threonine species and in the production of L-lysine and L-threonine. With the in-depth study of the ideal amino acid model, the strains or genes that produce different amino acids will be assembled according to ideal nutrition patterns, so as to produce in vitro or in vivo a new generation of ideal natural products that meet animal needs? Research and development will become the trend of development and production of amino acids in the future. Adding amino acids in the diet can balance the proportion of amino acids, can increase the utilization efficiency of feed protein, reduce the environmental pollution caused by nitrogen emissions, vitamins can increase the absorption and metabolism of animal nutrients, maintain animal life and normal growth, add in animal feed High doses of certain vitamins can improve the animal's immune response capacity, increase antiviral, anti-tumor and anti-stress abilities, and improve animal product quality. 2 Animal biotechnology genetic engineering technology provides a new means for the development of embryo engineering technology, which can greatly improve the breeding and promotion of improved livestock species. The foreign gene is introduced into the animal's genome and expressed. The resulting animal is called a transgenic animal. For example, there have been successful reports of various animals such as transgenic fish, chickens, cattle, horses, and sheep. In 1997, the United States first used E. coli to produce human first genetic engineering drugs - human growth hormone, human atrial natriuretic peptide, human interferon, tumor necrosis factor, colony stimulating factor, and so on. China also developed hepatitis B vaccine and leukocytosis. Gene-2, epidermal growth factor and human thymosin and other genetic engineering drugs. The use of DNA recombination technology to express foreign proteins in microorganisms has matured, but the system can not process eukaryotic proteins, can use transgenic animals to produce pharmaceutical proteins needed by humans. According to reports, the injection of recombinant bovine somatotropin into the cow's milk increases milk production by 15 to 30%; pigs are injected with recombinant porcine somatotropin, the growth rate is increased by 10 to 30%, and the feed conversion rate is increased by 5 to 15%. Carcass lean The rate increased by 10 to 30%. The use of biotechnology can also produce vaccines for people and livestock (such as hepatitis B vaccines). This vaccine does not use inactivated viruses for inoculation, genetic engineering allows us to use microbial cells, mass-produce antigenic viruses, insert genetic information that determines antigenicity into appropriate microbial cells, and then the microbial cells can produce immunity. The antigenic material required for the reaction. Many different proteins can now be produced by large-scale expression of cells, yeasts, and tissue cultures using recombinant DNA technology. Currently using bovine α-S1 casein gene to guide the expression of heterologous genes: human urokinase, human lactoferrin (hLf), bovine prochymosin, human insulin-promoting growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and available animal responses Production of pharmaceutical proteins such as human hemoglobin, alpha 1-1 trypsin inhibitor (AAT), human antithrombin III, human cystic membrane transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), human lactoferrin, and human C protein. Genpharm Internationd constructed the transfer gene using the casein promoter and human lactoferrin (hLf) cDNA. In 1990, the world’s first untranslated transgenic herd, Herman, and the transgenic herd, Herman, were mated with non-transgenic cows, resulting in transgenic offspring. . At the end of 1995 and 1996, these cows began to lactate, human milk lactoferrin was contained in the milk, and transgenic cows with erythropoietin were later cultivated. Lactoferrin can promote the absorption of iron by young animals and improve immunity. Erythropoietin can promote the production of red blood cells and has a positive effect on cytoreductive diseases such as cancer chemotherapy. US DNX Biotech Co., Ltd. uses a porcine β-globin promoter and a human hemoglobin gene to obtain a transgenic pig. Human hemoglobin is expressed in pig blood. It contains no AIDS and hepatitis viruses and can be used to transfuse patients. The British pharmaceutical pritein company uses the sheep β-lactoglobulin promoter to fuse with the human α,1-1 antitrypsin gene to obtain a glycoprotein (ATT) expressed in sheep milk. ATT can be used to treat human tissue fibrosis and Emphysema. Ward et al. studied transgenic expression of serine acetyltransferase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase in the rumen epithelium of sheep. The obtained transgenic sheep stomach epithelial cells can utilize the hydrogen sulfide in the stomach to synthesize cysteine. 3 Production of Single Cell Protein (SCP) SCP refers to the microbial protein obtained by large-scale cultivation of bacteria, yeast, mold, microalgae, and photosynthetic bacteria using various substrates, and is an important protein source in the modern feed industry and food industry. . SCP is rich in nutrients, with a high protein content of up to 80%. It contains a wide range of amino acid components and is rich in vitamins. It has a high digestibility (usually higher than 80%). Its greatest feature is the wide availability of raw materials and the rapid growth of microorganisms. , Low cost and high efficiency. Cells and yeast use methanol, ethanol, methane, and polyparaffins to produce SCPs; use many substances in the waste to convert SCPs, such as rice straw, bagasse, citric acid waste, kernels, molasses, animal waste, and dirt; Using a mixture of starch by-products as raw materials, single cell proteins are produced by solid-state fermentation, and the ratio of raw materials has an effect on the growth of yeasts. The optimum conditions for solid state fermentation were: temperature 30°C, moisture 60%, inoculum 15%, and the crude protein content of the mixture increased by 8% to 10%. SCPs are produced using algae (eg chlorella, cyanobacteria). Microorganisms producing SCP include yeast, non-pathogenic cells, actinomycetes and fungi, and algae, among which feed yeast and algae proteins have the fastest development. The main raw materials for the production of SCP are pulp waste liquid from the paper industry, molasses and waste from the sugar industry, miscellaneous waste from the wine industry, and waste, and various types of plant wastes, shells, sugar residues, sawdust and other rural waste. The production of cellulose in SCP and SCP feeds can reach up to 40%-80% of the bacterial protein content, and more than 90% after adding the limiting amino acid methionine. And various amino acids, vitamin content. Every kilogram of SCP can increase cows' milk production by 6-7. Feeding hens with 10% SCP can increase egg production by 21%-35%, and 1 tonne of SCP can save 5-7 tons of diet. Shanghai Yeast Factory cultivates microorganisms capable of enriching trace elements through specific biotechnology. Such as selenium yeast, zinc yeast, spirulina as a production of algal protein has been widely promoted, protein content of 62% to 79%, rich in carotene, algae protein, sodium alginate and insulin-like active substances. 4 Production of Novel Feed Additives 4.1 Novel Sweeteners Oligosaccharides currently used as feed additives are isomalto-oligosaccharides, galactan, mannooligosaccharides, oligo-glucose, sucralose, soy oligosaccharides, Oligofructose. Products corresponding to probiotics are called prebiotics, which provide directly fermentable substrates for beneficial bacteria already existing in the digestive tract, promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, and regulate the ecological balance of the digestive tract. These products fall into two categories: one is fructooligosaccharides that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, and the other is oligomannose that promotes immune responses. Yolk antibodies prevent the adhesion of pathogenic E. coli on the small intestine mucosa through an immune reaction, thereby preventing and treating the pig's jaw. Commercially available dipeptide sweeteners are aspartame and alitame. Aspartame is synthesized by biotechnology. It is a dipeptide, its sweetness is 180 to 200 times that of sucrose, and its sweetness is 2000 times that of sucrose. The sweetest is a dipeptide sweetener called neotame which is synthesized on the basis of aspartame and has a sweetness of 11,000 times that of sucrose. Sweeteners can increase the appetite of piglets in chicks. Drinking a certain concentration of sugar water in the newborn chicks can increase the survival rate of the new chicks, increase the feed intake of the chickens under stress, and improve the palatability. 4.2 Enzyme preparations Enzyme preparations are high-efficiency bioactive substances with enzyme properties extracted from plants, plants, and microorganisms. They are usually mixed with a small amount of carriers to form a powder. Enzymes produced using biotechnology include: proteases, cellulases, lipases, lactases, phytases, non-starch polysaccharide enzymes, pectinase, and the like. Most enzymes come from fungi, but recent gene coding has cloned different enzymes such as β-glucanase, xylanase and phytase. Feed enzyme preparations can directly decompose substrates and supply nutrients to organisms; stimulate the secretion of endogenous digestive enzymes; hydrolyze plant cell walls to release nutrients in cells; destroy soluble non-starch polysaccharides in feed and reduce intestinal contents The viscosity increases the digestion and absorption of nutrients; participates in animal endocrine regulation and promotes anabolism. Phytase is a kind of phosphatase that hydrolyzes phytic acid. It can degrade plant phosphorus into inositol and inorganic phosphoric acid. Adding phytase to feed can increase the utilization rate of phosphorus in feed by 60%, and excrete phosphorus in feces. The 40% reduction in volume is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of minerals and amino acids in monogastric animals. β-glucanase and pentosanase are added to diets mainly composed of barley, wheat, rye, oats and sub-powder. It can decompose the anti-nutritional factors dextran and pentosan in the diet, improve nutrient digestion and utilization, improve the digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides, and reduce the intestinal stickiness of broilers and piglets. Studies have shown that a mixture of xylanase, protease and amylase can improve digestion of low viscous cereals such as corn and sorghum. The structure of roughage is mainly composed of plant cell walls. The basic components of cell wall are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose can be digested and utilized by ruminants through the action of tumor microorganisms. There are two main factors affecting the nutritional value of fiber: digestive fiber digestibility (digestibility) and rumen fiber digestibility. The fiber digestibility can be increased by increasing the hydrolysis of lignin by the microorganisms and pretreating the feed prior to feeding or altering the cell wall structure by breeding. Cellulose is a long-chain macromolecule compound that is bound by glucose beta-1.4 bonds, in which xylose is more difficult to degrade than other components. The enzyme preparations used to treat straw include cellulose, hemicellulolytic enzymes, pectinase, and even enzymes such as amylase, protease, and saccharification enzymes, which can break down the cellulose and hemicellulose of macromolecules in feeds into Digestion and absorption of small molecules to improve feed utilization and improve feed quality. Cellulolytic enzymes can decompose waste high-cellulosic substances into low-molecular compounds and glucose that are easily digested and absorbed by livestock. Feed enzyme preparations can improve the digestion and absorption of nutrients by poultry, improve the weight gain of weaned piglets, increase the milk production of dairy cows, help young ruminants digest and absorb nutrients, and promote growth. For sika deer, adding enzyme preparations to the diet can increase pilose antler yield and increase the content of active ingredients in pilose antler. Wang An et al. added cellulose compound enzymes to the diet to increase the disappearance rates of dry matter, neutral detergent fibers, acidic detergent fibers, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in the rumen. %, 14.27%, 7.08%, 11.26%, 7.04%, and 28.58%. Yin Changan et al used cellulase to decompose the whole plant and leaf stems of corn stover. It was found that the glucose content was significantly increased, and the decomposition effect on straw and crude cellulose was significant. It was used to increase milk production and feed utilization efficiency of dairy cows. 4.3 Small Peptide Peptide As the main hydrolyzed product of animal digestive tract proteins, it is a rapidly absorbing amino acid donor whose absorption rate in the small intestine mucosa is higher than that of the corresponding amino acid. Many of the peptides released at the same time have an active action, participate in the life activities of the organism, and play a role in regulating the biological activity of the digestive system, nervous system, endocrine, and immune function of animals. Antimicrobial peptides are not only present in insects, but they are commonly found in bacteria and mammals. Therefore, they are called "secondary defense systems" or "secondary immune systems." Antibacterial peptides are not only effective against Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, but also have significant killing against more than 100 pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effect, especially for drug-resistant strains, has a significant effect, and antimicrobial peptides can also have a certain inhibitory effect on the proliferation of fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Endogenous peptides that are immunologically active include interferons and interleukins, both of which can activate and regulate the center of the immune response. 5 The use of biotechnology to degrade the strong ester bonds formed between straw lignin lignin and cellulose inhibits the degradation of rumen microbes by cellulose. Researchers at ASTON University in the United Kingdom isolated a white-rot fungus from straw piles, which only degrades lignin and does not reduce cellulose. White-rot fungi are used to ferment chopped wheat straw. After 5 to 6 weeks, the protein content is not only improved, but also The in vitro extinction rate of straw increased from 19.63% to 41.13%. Under appropriate conditions, the mycelium of the white rot fungi first dissolves the surface wax with its secreted super-fiber oxidase, and then the hyphae enter the interior of the straw and produce cellulase, hemicellulase, endo-glycanase, and The galactamase is used to degrade lignin and cellulose, making it a sugar containing enzymes, so that the straw feed becomes sweet and delicious and easy to digest and absorb. 6 The use of probiotics Probiotics, also known as probiotics, are used to feed microbial organisms or their corresponding substances directly to animals, to participate in the ecological balance of the gastrointestinal microbiota of animals and to maintain the normal functions of the gastrointestinal tract so as to achieve animal health care. And the purpose of improving production performance. The main strains of probiotics are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus faecalis, yeast, and Bacillus subtilis. Probiotics can produce substances that inhibit and kill pathogenic microorganisms such as lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide; they can suppress and eliminate harmful bacteria in the digestive tract and increase the number of beneficial microorganisms; produce a variety of digestive enzymes and synthetic microorganisms, thereby increasing the feed conversion rate; Improve animal antibody levels and macrophage activity, enhance immune function; indirectly promote growth and improve feed utilization. Xiao Zhenxi and others used antibiotics as a control to study the effect of acid-producing live bacteria preparations on piglets, broilers and laying eggs. Compared with the control group, the average weight gain of piglets increased by 14.3% compared to 4.6% when they were 60 days old. The cure rate of diarrhea was 98.62%, the egg production rate was increased by 4.38%, the mortality rate was decreased by 3.81%, the growth rate of broiler chickens was increased by 5.35%, and feed consumption was reduced by 5.34%. Photosynthetic bacteria are a group of bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis. They use low-grade fatty acids, ammonia, and nitrogen as nutrients to produce non-oxygenous photosynthesis and synthesize their own nutrients. Photosynthetic bacteria contain more than 60% protein, and are rich in many The content of vitamins, especially VB12, folic acid and biotin is several thousand times that of yeast, antiviral substances and growth-promoting factors. Therefore, using it as a feed additive can promote the growth of livestock and poultry, enhance animal disease resistance, and photosynthetic bacteria. A photosynthesis device composed of a specific differentiation, containing chlorophyll and carotene, can effectively improve the color of egg shells, egg yolks, and the like. Photosynthetic bacteria preparations can significantly improve meat quality, reduce feed costs, and purify the surrounding environment. According to reports, each chicken fed 2 ml of photosynthetic bacteria solution water per day. During the 8 weeks, the egg production rate was 9.12% higher than that of the control group, and the broken egg rate was reduced by 1 %, average egg weight increased by 0.47g, egg production increased by 15-17%, feed conversion rate increased by 12.2%, mortality rate decreased by 3.49%, and eggshell and egg yellow color were significantly better than the control group. With the water containing 4%, 6%, and 8% photosynthetic bacteria, the chicks were allowed to drink water daily, and the survival rate increased by 5.92%, 8.49%, and 9.61% respectively in the 24-day test period. The broiler diets were supplemented with 1 ml/kg photosynthetic bacteria solution and 3 ml/kg, respectively. During the 56-day trial period, the weight gain was increased by 14 97% and 164%, respectively, compared with the control group. The photosynthetic bacteria solution of 25-30 ml per piglet was added to the piglets daily for 30 to 40 days, an average increase of 13.2% over the control group. 7 The use of biotechnology to treat toxic and hazardous substances in feedstuffs Using biotechnology to detoxify is a promising method. Ceigler screening compared the ability of fungal and bacterial yeasts to eliminate aflatoxin and found that orange bacilli can eliminate aflatoxin in vitro. Gebek believes that the yeast cell wall absorbs toxins and pathogenic bacteria. Devegonda et al.'s method confirmed that the addition of brewer's yeast cultures to aflatoxin-containing diets resulted in increased body weight, feed efficiency, anti-Newcastle disease blood clotting inhibition titer, and decreased mortality. The proportion increased. In vitro tests found that 88% of the toxins were degraded. Raju et al. simulated the physiochemical environment of the digestive tract of broilers and extracted substances with antigenic activity from a yeast culture and aflatoxin feed at pH=6.5 and a temperature of 37° C. for 3 hours and found that the extract was active against aflatoxins. The binding rates of zearalenone and ochratoxin were 82.5%, 51.6%, and 26.4%, respectively. Using physical or chemical methods can reduce the content of gossypol and glucosinolate decomposed products in cottonseed cake and rapeseed cake. However, using microbial fermentation technology, the gossypol content can be reduced to feed levels. Li Yanyun and others screened strains with a detoxification rate of 91%, which significantly increased the feed value of cottonseed cakes. The bacteria B cultivated by Yang Jingzhi and others made the detoxification rate of gossypol about 60%, which increased the soluble protein content by 3 to 11 times. In addition, there are many successful domestic use of microbial single bacteria or multi-bacteria fermentation process, so that the content of free phenolic in the cake is reduced to 0.04% or less, and the isothiocyanate and oxazolidinethione content in the cake is reduced to 0.045. Below %, these technologies have achieved good results in practice. Feed anti-nutritional factors, poisons, etc. are widely in a variety of feed ingredients, directly or indirectly affect the digestion, absorption and metabolism of feed nutrients, reducing the camp-like value and availability of feed. As biotechnology plays an increasingly important role in the elimination of feed anti-nutritional factors, toxins, and harmful substances produced in the metabolism of livestock and poultry. The use of biotechnology to exclude or inhibit anti-nutritional factors in feed and harmful products produced in the metabolism of livestock and poultry has the following advantages: 1 high treatment efficiency, especially the high efficiency and low cost of application of enzyme technology; 2 no residue, The application is relatively safe; 3 compared with the physical and chemical methods, biological technology treatment on the feed nutrients damage and less. 8, nutrition and gene expression regulation of some of the nutrients in the feed on the regulation of certain animal gene expression. Nutrients in diets can regulate gene expression through various pathways, affect the animal's metabolic processes, and ultimately affect animal growth. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity mainly exists in the liver, renal cortex, adipose tissue, jejunum and mammary gland, and is a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis in liver and kidney. When animals feed on feeds containing large amounts of carbohydrates, the level of PEPCK in the liver is greatly reduced, and when they are fasted or fed with high-protein and low-sugar foods, their levels can be increased. Glucagon, thyroid hormone, glucocorticoid, and retinoic acid can induce transcription of this gene, while insulin inhibits transcription of the gene. Carbohydrate can be used to express the fatty acid synthase gene through insulin in vivo. Glucose can significantly affect the expression of fatty acid synthase gene. Feeding rats with high-carbohydrate (non-fat) diet supplements small amounts of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). ) (20-30 g/kg) can significantly reduce fat synthesis and fat synthesis enzyme activity. On the contrary, monounsaturated fatty acids do not have this ability. Proteins affect the expression of many genes. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) stimulates feeding. Infusion of NPY can lead to overeating and fat deposition in the body. Fasting or restricting food intake can lead to increased levels of NPY in the atria, and the expression of NPY genes in the hypothalamus increases. For hepatocytes and hepatocyte-derived cells, removal of histidine from the culture medium reduces albumin mRNA expression and protein synthesis in rat hepatocytes. Some mineral elements, vitamins, etc. can regulate the expression of certain genes, such as the decrease of copper content, decrease of mRNA of interleukin-2 gene, increase of dopamine beta-monooxygenase (DBM) mRNA and enzyme activity in rat adrenal gland, However, the amount of norepinephrine decreased. The lack of zinc in the diet reduced the expression of metallothionein genes in the rat brain; vitamins, such as vitamin D and vitamin A, played an important role in gene expression. Vitamin A regulates the expression of several proteins, including growth hormone and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. The latter is a key enzyme for fat synthesis (Clarke et al., 1992). Vitamin C deficiency reduced the expression of collagen type IV in the basal membrane of guinea pigs and the expression of Elastin gene in smooth muscle. 9. Looking forward to the application of modern biotechnology in animal nutrition is still in its infancy. With the deep understanding of animal nutrition and function and the improvement of material synthesis technology, the development of feed production industry can be achieved through biotechnology production and even biomimetic production. The combination of modern biotechnology and traditional nutrition research methods to study the molecular mechanism of nutrient substances will be an important area for future nutrition research and will open up new broad prospects for efficient, sustained, and stable development of animal husbandry.
[Eligibles]
Susceptible individuals and persons liable to be afflicted with the associated complications, such as children, elderly persons and individuals in the epidemic area.
[Function and use]
The product can induce immunity against influenza virus in recipients following immunization. It is used to prevent the infections of the prevalent strains of influenza viruses.
[Description]
The Influenza Vaccine (split virion) is a preparation made from the WHO recommended prevalent strains of influenza virus type A and type B, which are grown separately in embryonated chicken eggs. After incubation, the virus suspensions in allantoic cavities are harvested. The vaccine is prepared by inactivation, concentration, purification and disruption of the virus. It is a slightly milky-white liquid, containing thimerosal as a preservative.
Active constituent: Influenza haemagglutinin derived from each of prevalent influenza virus strains in that very year. (The name of each of virus strains and the content of haemagglutinin shall be included. )
Subsidiary materials: All the components of subsidiary materials approved shall be listed.
Vial
Pre-filled syringe
1.influenza vaccine
2.split virion
3.WHO recommended strains
4.against influenza virus
Influenza Vaccine
Influenza Vaccine,Inactivated Vaccine,Flu Vaccine,Influenza Vaccine For Human
Changchun Changsheng Life Sciences Ltd. , http://www.ccls-vaccine.com