The continuous innovation of black fungus cultivation techniques has resulted in a significant increase in yields and production, but it has also failed to meet the growing needs of foreign trade exports and people. With the promotion and development of artificial cultivation techniques, experimental research on new technologies for cultivation of fungus with surrogate materials has been further promoted. At present, the main focus is on plastic bag cultivation. The methods are as follows: (1) About 40 days after the production process, the cultivar (plastic bag) is inoculated after about 2 months → culture bag (plastic bag) opens → ear bud formation → mature Harvesting → Second ear bud 7-10 days 15-20 days 10 days formation → Mature harvest → Third ear bud formation → Harvest 15-20 days 10 days 15-20 days (2) Selection of good strains Cultivation of black fungus strains is a result of domestication and screening of black fungus strains cultivated by Duanmu. Therefore, not all strains suitable for Duanmu cultivation strains can be cultivated as surrogate strains. The cultivar is suitable for 30 to 45 days. This cultivar has strong vitality, which can reduce bacterial contamination in the cultivation process, and can also enhance the anti-mold ability during cultivation. Generally, mycelia grow fast, stout and fast after inoculation; short production cycle, high yield, large slice, thick flesh, and deep color are used as bacteria species. (3) Cultivation season In Shaanxi and several nearby provinces, the use of natural temperature can be cultivated twice a year, the spring begins in early January and the original species, in early February the system of cultivation, in mid-March, cultivation bags, four, five, Ears in June. In the autumn of mid-August, the cultivation bag will be heard in September, November and November. 3. Cultivation methods (1) Formulations Many agricultural and forestry products can be used to cultivate black fungus. The following are the recipes of several media: 1 Sawdust medium formulation Sawdust (broadleaf tree) 78% Bran (or rice bran) 20% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% Water 65% 2 Cottonseed husk Medium Formula Cotton seed hull 90% Bran (or rice bran) 8% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% Water 65% 3 Corn cob medium medium Corncob (Crushed into soybean-sized granules ) 70%～80% Sawdust (broadleaf tree) 10%～20% Bran (or rice bran) 8% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% Water 65% 4 Rice Straw Culture Formula Straw (fresh straw crushed or chopped into small pieces) 75% Bran (or rice bran) 15% Sawdust (broadleaf tree) 8% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% Water About 65% If conditions permit, it is better to add 2% soybean powder to the above medium. (2) Seasoning and bagging: The above culture materials are weighed in proportion and mixed well. The sugar is dissolved in the water and injected into the culture material, and water is added to mix and stir so that the moisture content of the culture material reaches about 65%. Or add water to the hand-grip material, there are lines of water seepage without drip for the degree, and then the material is piled up, stuffy for 30 to 60 minutes, so that the material can be eaten through the sugar water, immediately bagging. There are three kinds of bagging methods, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. It can be used according to the situation. The first method uses a plastic bag with a thickness of about 5 microns and a bag size of about 17 cm X 33 cm at the bottom. If you purchase a flat bottom bag (like a food bag), before inserting the bag, first insert the two bottom corners of the bag into the two corners, so that it can be placed on the culture shelf directly after the culture materials are loaded. on. When bagging, put the mixed material into the bag and vigorously vibrate at the smooth place while loading it, so that the culture material is dense, and the elasticity is consistent from top to bottom. At this time, the height of the culture material is about 3/5 of the bag height. The dry gauze was wiped off the residual culture material on the upper part of the bag, and the plastic neck set (internal diameter 34 cm, height 3 cm) was used to turn the plastic bag downwards, and it was fastened with a rubber band, shaped like a glass bottle mouth, and the tampon was plugged. . In the second method, a simple polypropylene plastic bag with a diameter of 13 cm was used, and the length was cut to 35 cm. One end was fastened with a cotton thread, and the film was burnt and melted with a candle flame or an alcohol lamp flame to seal the bag mouth. Put the culture material into the bag from one end of the opening, vibrate on the pile while loading it, or compact it with your fingers, and wait until it is 5 cm away from the mouth of the bag. Then knead the remaining plastic bags together and use a cotton thread. Tightly, the film is melted and sealed under the flame of a candle or alcohol lamp. Press the bag into a flat shape by hand on a smooth tabletop. Then use a hole punch with a diameter of 2 cm. On one side of the bag, drill a hole 2 cm in diameter and 1.5 cm deep at 10 cm intervals. Use scissors to cut the prepared medicinal tape into 3 to 4 cm square pieces; stick it on the hole. To facilitate handling at the time of inoculation, one corner of the tape is rolled into a double layer. The third method is to use a commercial polypropylene plastic bag with a diameter of 13 cm. One end is tied with a string, and the culture material is put into the bag from the other end and the material is compacted by hand. The material is loaded to the bag mouth 5 At centimeters, gather the rest of the plastic bags, tie them with cords, and inoculate them from both ends. It should be noted that no matter which bagging method is used, it must be done on the same day. 4. Sterilization and Inoculation The prepared culture bag is sterilized in an autoclave and kept at a pressure of 15 kg/cm2 for 1.5 to 2 hours. When the pressure gauge drops to zero, the bag is removed hot and put immediately. In the inoculation box or inoculation room. If sterilized with normal pressure sterilization stove, keep 6 to 8 hours, until the bag temperature drops to 30 °C, or fumigation with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde for 30 to 40 minutes, inoculation or inoculation room disinfection. When inoculating, it should be noted that continuous inoculation should not take too long to prevent the temperature inside the box being too high (more than 40°C); more inoculum can shorten the time for the mycelium to cover the surface and reduce the chance of bacterial infection. As already mentioned, black fungus is resistant to mold, especially Trichoderma, so sterilization must be thorough. Inoculation must be performed aseptically to increase the yield. 5. Mycelium culture In the whole process of mycelial culture, it is necessary to create conditions for the mycelium to grow robustly, and to control the formation of random rods of black fungus fruit bodies. Among the conditions, temperature is the most important factor. The optimum temperature in the culturing chamber is 22°C to 25°C. Since the culture temperature in the bag is often higher than the room temperature of 2°C to 3°C, the temperature of the culturing chamber should not exceed 25°C. When the temperature is more than 25°C, yellow water will appear in the bag, the water color will be darkened, and it will become thin and sticky. The production of bacterium easily promotes fungal infection. The relative humidity of the culturing chamber is 50% to 70%. If the humidity is too low, the moisture loss of the culture material is large, and the culture material is dried, which is unfavorable to the growth of the hyphae, and the relative humidity is more than 70%. The tampon may grow bacteria. Light can induce the kinks of the mycelium to form a primordium. In order to control the formation of no fruit body primordial in the culture mycelial phase, the culture chamber should be kept in dark or very weak light intensity. Sprinkle some quicklime around the culture room to make it alkaline and reduce the chance of mold reproduction. When the cultivation bag is cultured on the ground or cultured on the ground, hyphae should not be turned. Because the volume of the plastic bag is not fixed, the volume of the hand-kneaded part is changed and the air is pushed out of the bag. When the hand is removed, the volume is restored and a small amount of air enters the bag. This makes it possible to enter the spores. In addition, in the place where the hand touches the wall of the bag, the pressure of the plastic bag and the culture material is increased, and the sharper culture material (sawdust and cottonseed) will penetrate into the small hole that is invisible to the naked eye. As a result, it will increase the infection rate. Therefore, in the cultivation process as little as possible, in the inspection of bacteria, be sure to take care, and found that bacteria should be promptly removed, placed in another place where the temperature is lower; continue to observe. If the degree of pollution is relatively light, formaldehyde solution can be injected into the bacteria, and the needle eye can be attached with a small piece of tape to control the spread of the bacteria. 6. Open the hole When the black fungus mycelia grow over time, you can move the bacteria bag from the culture room to the cultivation room, remove the tampon, plastic neck sleeve, and tie the bag mouth with a rope; or remove the tape; prepare two pots 5% of the lime water, first dip the bag in a basin and remove it. With the blade around the bag, the distance between the two holes is 5 to 6 centimeters, and the length is l to 1.5 centimeters. When the depth is 0.3 centimeters deep, the material can be opened on one side of the bag. The hole-opening bacteria bag is soaked in the lime water in the other pot, so that the hole is in an alkaline environment, which can effectively prevent the damage of the bacteria. 7. The bag of bacteria after opening the ear can be laid flat on the bed frame of the cultivation room, or it can be hung on the seed bed frame or the branch under the forest, or it can be placed on the wet sand floor, and then black is created. The fungus forms the condition of the primordium of the fruit body. First of all, to increase the relative humidity of the cultivation environment of 90% to 95%, room temperature as much as possible controlled at 20 °C ~ 25 °C, good ventilation and strong scattering of light is also an essential condition for the formation of black fungus primordium. The opening of the mycelium in the hole can get more light, air and humidity, which effectively promotes the formation of fruit bodies here. Therefore, the black fungus was cultivated in a hole, and the fruit bodies were formed at the opening or at the rupture of the plastic bag. This is the so-called "directional ear". Under suitable conditions of temperature, humidity, ventilation and light, a hole is opened for 7 to 12 days. The naked eye can see that there are many small black spots in the hole; gradually grow up, and become a ear bud (a young fruit body). . This requires more moisture, a temperature of 15°C to 25°C, strong light scattering and good ventilation. If you meet with rainy weather, you can hang the cultivation bag that has ear buds under the open air. The temperature, humidity, light, and air can all be satisfied. Ear buds will develop faster. At this time, if there is contamination with green mold and Trichoderma reesei at the base of the ear or on the young ear, the bacteria bag can be washed under the faucet and the bacteria can be washed out, but do not flush the fruiting body. Under appropriate environmental conditions, about 10 to 15 days after the ear buds have formed, the ears are flat and the fruiting bodies are ready to harvest. 8. The mature criteria for harvesting and processing of black fungus is to fully expand the ears, begin to close the edges, make the base of the ears thinner, and pick up when the color changes from black to brown. Requires diligence, meticulousness, and large-scale retention, not to make ears runny. Mature ears remain on the bag and are prone to pests or ear infections. When harvesting, flatten the wall with a knife. The harvested fungus should be dried or dried in time. Baking temperature does not exceed 50 °C, the temperature is too high, the fungus will be bonded into a block, affecting the quality of dried fungus, timely packaging and storage to prevent mildew or moth. After harvesting the fungus bag, stop direct water spray for four or five days, let the mycelium accumulate nutrients, after about 10 days; the second ear bud formation, repeat the above management, but also harvest two.
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