Castor seed cake poisoning is a systemic poisoning disease characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and nervous system disorders caused by animals eating ramie seeds or feeding castor seed cake.
1, clinical symptoms
The incubation period is longer, 1 to 3 days. Some pigs began to suffer from mental depression, vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhagic diarrhea, hematuria, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, muscle tonic spasm, movement disorders, jaundice, 30 minutes after feeding the feed containing castor seed cake. The extremities and sagging parts of the extremities are cyanotic, and the mouth is vomiting, followed by coma, and severe cases of death.
2, necropsy changes
Mainly manifested as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and congestion, hemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis of various parenchymal organs. The liver is swollen and has a large number of bleeding spots or fatty degeneration. Kidney swelling, bleeding. Wide diffuse bleeding of the gastric mucosa. The intestinal mucosa is severely bleeding and the contents are mixed with blood. The blood is thick and poorly coagulated. Large omentum, mesenteric hemorrhage and thrombosis. Lymph node bleeding, swelling. There are bleeding spots or bleeding spots in the heart and the outer membrane. The bronchi is full of air bubbles and the lungs are congested. Bladder urinary tract. Brain congestion, bleeding.
3, blood test
Red blood cells were significantly increased, with heterotypic cytosis and red blood cell size unevenness, white blood cells were twice as high as normal, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was slow. Serum alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and amylase activity are elevated, and blood glucose is decreased.
4, treatment
No specific drugs, the ideal detoxification method is to use anti-ricin immune serum. The principle of treatment is to rapidly discharge the poison, maintain cardiovascular function, and use the necessary symptomatic therapy.
4.1 Bloodletting The ear tip is about 100 mL.
4.2 vomiting If the feeding time is only 1 ~ 2h, you can use the method of vomiting. There are several methods of vomiting: taking 50g of salt, adding 500mL of boiling water, and filling it once after cooling; using fresh ginger 250g, mashing juice with 500mL warm water; taking 1:2000 potassium permanganate 400~600mL orally, Stimulate the gastric mucosa to cause vomiting; copper sulfate (or zinc sulfate) 0.8 ~ 1.0g, dissolved in 400 ~ 500mL warm water orally, if 15 ~ 30min does not occur vomiting, can take 1 more; apomorphine subcutaneous injection 4 ~ 6mg, Can cause vomiting.
4.3 gastric lavage 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution repeated gastric lavage.
4.4 catharsis If the feeding time has exceeded 2 ~ 3h, but the spirit is still good, you can take laxatives. However, if the poison has caused severe diarrhea, it is no longer necessary to use laxatives. The catharsis is generally treated with rhubarb 40g once or twice, or sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate. The dosage is generally 20-30g, dissolved in 200mL water orally, and the effect of sodium sulfate is better. Due to poisoning, the intestine is often damaged, and it can absorb a large amount of magnesium ions in magnesium sulfate to produce a central nervous system repression.
4.5 Strong heart, detoxification seriously ill pigs each with 1.0mg / mL adrenaline 2mL, 200mg / mL sodium solution 10mL, Vc3g, 100mg / mL glucose solution 1000mL, mixed 1 intravenous infusion. Milk or egg whites.
5, prevention
5.1 Pay attention to the timely collection and storage of castor seeds, so as not to naturally disperse the ground and prevent livestock from ingesting and poisoning.
5.2 Ricin and ricinine can be destroyed after heating. Therefore, when using castor seed cake as feed, it should be preheated to at least 60 ~ 70 ° C, and maintained for more than 2h. It has been proposed to impregnate with 6 times 10% saline for 6-10 hours, and then deionize the liquid to make it harmless.
5.3 Feed intake does not exceed 15% of the diet. It must start from a small amount and gradually increase to the planned feeding amount.
5.4 Cimicin is a protein that acts as an antigen to stimulate the body to form antibodies. Feeding the animal in small increments with castor beans or untreated castor seed cake generally results in immunity. According to the experiment, a small amount of ricin injection can increase the lethal dose of ricin by nearly a thousand times.
5.5 The poisoned cow's milk contains ricin and should not be fed to yak or drink to prevent poisoning.
6. Analysis of etiology and pathogenesis
The ramie whole plant is poisonous, and its main toxic component is ricin, which is a toxic protein with a content of up to 3%. Other ingredients include ricinine and blood cell agglutination. Cimicin is the most toxic plant protein known to date, and its virulence is stronger than strychnine, hydrocyanic acid, and arsenic. Animals can be killed by 0.25 mg per kilogram of body weight. Untreated castor seed cake, even if diluted by 2000 times, can cause animal poisoning. The main toxic effect of ricin is to block or inhibit the synthesis of proteins in cells. Castor is a blood poison, most of which is absorbed by the intestine, which can make red blood cells agglutinate, fibrinogen becomes fibrin, and form a blood clot in the blood vessels of the intestinal mucosa, causing bleeding, ulceration and hemorrhagic gastrointestinal tract of the intestinal wall. inflammation. After entering the human circulation, it causes thrombosis of various organ tissues, especially heart, liver, kidney and cerebrospinal, causing hemorrhage, deformation and even necrosis, thereby showing corresponding organ dysfunction and severe systemic symptoms.
Amino acid additives are used in feed to balance or supplement a particular production purpose of the required nutrients. The main amino acids added in the feed are: lysine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine these limiting amino acids. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. The essence of protein nutrition is amino acid nutrition. The core of amino acid nutrition is the balance between amino acids.
The balance of amino acids in natural feed is very poor. Almost all of them are not balanced. The animal body in the limited feed can not synthesize themselves.
They can only rely on eating intake of amino acids. The amino acid content of natural feed is very different, each is not the same, because of different kinds, different ratio of natural feed composed of full price compound feed, although try to mix according to the principle of amino acid balance, but their various amino acid content and the proportion between amino acid is still variable, various. Therefore, amino acid additives are needed to balance or supplement the requirements for a particular production purpose.
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