1. Botanical characteristics
1 root. Spinach has a deeper root and is more developed. The straight root is slightly thicker and slightly enlarged, the upper part is red, and the nutrients are stored, and the taste is sweet and edible. The main root group is distributed in the 25-30 cm layer. Lateral roots are underdeveloped and are not suitable for transplanting.
2 stems. During the vegetative growth period, the stems are shortened, and the stems are elongated during reproductive growth, and the height is 66-100 cm.
3 flowers. The flowers of spinach are unisex flowers, and a few have bisexual flowers. Dioecious, a few monoecious strains. Spikes of male flowers, inserted in the apex of flower stalks or leaf axils, without petals, calyx 4-5, stamens and flowers. Anthers longitudinally split, pollen, yellow-green, wind-flowered flowers. The female flowers are clustered in the leaf axils, without petals, with a pistil, 4 to 6 stigmas, 2 to 4 lobes, covered with ovary, 1 ovary. There is 1 ovule inside. The calyx with thorny vegetables develops into horns. Seeding with "seeds" is really fruit. Female flowers are clustered in the leaf axils, and each leaf has 6 to 20 small flowers. No flower handles, or flower handles of varying lengths.
4 leaves. Before the convulsions, the leaf family of spinach was born on the shortened stem, and the roots came out. The leaf type has two kinds of round and pointed leaves. The leaves of spinach are large and thick, the leaves are smooth, oval or curved; the leaves of spinach are narrow and thin, scorpion or arrow-shaped, apex acute or blunt. The leaves of spinach are dark green, soft in texture and slender in petiole, which is the main edible part.
5 fruits and seeds. The fruit of spinach is a cell fruit, irregularly round, with 1 seed inside, wrapped in hard leather exocarp. It is divided into thorny and non-thorny. The endocarp is corked, the thick-walled cells are developed, and the water and air are not easily penetrated, so the seeds sprout slowly. The seed has a weight of 9.5 - 12.599. Under normal storage conditions, the seed can be stored for 3 to 5 years, and the seed germination power is strong for 1 to 2 years.
2. Requirements for environmental conditions
1 temperature. Spinach is the strongest cold-tolerant vegetable in green leafy vegetables. It can be exposed to winter in the south of the Yangtze River basin. It can be safely overwintered in the area of ​​about -10 degrees. The wind barrier and ground cover in North China, Northeast China and Northwest China can be exposed. Wintering. The cold tolerance of spinach is closely related to plant growth and development and seedling age. Plants with 4-6 leaves, perennial can withstand short-term -30 degrees low temperature, only -40 degrees cold at the outer leaves are frozen and yellow, while roots and shoots will not be damaged, if the seedlings only 1 - 2 Leaves, or plants that are too large, or that are about to be twitched, are susceptible to freezing and dying during winter. Spinach has wide adaptability, the growth temperature is 15-30 degrees, the optimum temperature is 15-20 degrees, spinach seeds can germinate at 4 degrees, the temperature is 15-20 degrees, and it can germinate in 4 days. The germination rate is over 90%. As the temperature increases, the germination rate decreases.
2 lighting. Spinach is a low-temperature, long-day crop. However, flower bud differentiation is mainly affected by the length of sunshine, and it is easy to pass the light stage in long daylight and high temperature, and promotes flower bud differentiation under low sunlight. After flower bud differentiation, the temperature rises, and when the sun is long, the convulsions and flowering speed up. When the wintering spinach enters the spring and summer of the next year, the plants will quickly twitch and flower.
3 moisture. Spinach has the strongest growth under the environmental conditions of air humidity 80%-90%, soil moisture 70%-80%, thick leaves, good quality and high yield. Spinach requires a lot of water during the growth process, lack of water in the growing season, slow down, aging of the leaf meat, increased fiber, prone to downy mildew, especially under high temperature, dry, long daylight, will promote the development of flower organs, early convulsions.
4 soil nutrition. Spinach has a wide adaptability to the soil. It is suitable for water conservation, fertilizer retention, moist (night tide) fertility, pH 6-7.5 neutral or slightly alkaline loam, acid soil will poison spinach, not suitable Cultivation. Spinach fast-growing green leafy vegetables require more nitrogen fertilizer to promote the growth of leaf plexus, with good quality and high yield. Nitrogen fertilizer should be added on the basis of NPK fertilizer.
3, growth and development
1 vegetative growth period. From the sowing and emergence of spinach to the growth of the differentiated leaves, the inflorescence begins to differentiate from the cotyledons to the emergence of two true leaves. This stage grows slowly. After the two true leaves are unfolded, the number of leaves, leaves and leaves are . It is growing rapidly The number of leaves in inflorescence differentiation varies according to variety, sowing date and climatic conditions, with 5 to 6 tablets and more than 20 tablets.
2 reproductive growth period. From inflorescence differentiation to seed maturation, there is a period of overlap between the early stage and the vegetative growth period. The factors that can enhance photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation in external conditions can generally promote the strengthening of females. After convulsions, there are many side branches, more flowers, and fuller seeds.
Types and varieties of spinach
According to the shape of the spinach leaves and the presence or absence of thorns on the fruit, the spinach can be divided into a pointed leaf (stinged) and a rounded (without thorn) type.
1 Beijing pointed leaf spinach. Beijing local varieties. The blade has an arrow shape with a pair of deep-split lobes at the base. The green is slightly thinner, the fiber is less, and the quality is better. The fruit is rhomboided. It is cold-tolerant and heat-resistant, with a yield of 1000-2500 kg per mu. It is suitable for wintering and autumn cultivation.
2 Japanese big leaf spinach. Leaf blade elliptic to ovoid, apex slightly apex, base apex. The leaves are wide and thick, thick green. Strong heat resistance, not cold resistant, suitable for summer and autumn cultivation. High output and good quality.
3 large round leaves of spinach. Introduced from the United States, it is a thornless species. The leaves are oval to broad triangle, the leaves are hypertrophy, the leaves are wrinkled, and the color is dark green. The quality is sweet and tender, the spring is twitching late, the yield is high, the quality is good, but it is not cold-resistant, and the weight per plant is 0.5 kg. The disadvantage is weak resistance to downy mildew and viral disease. It is cultivated in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China.
Four season cultivation techniques of spinach
Spinach has a wide adaptability, short growth period, fast-cooking and quick-cooking, and is an important vegetable for coronation. No matter the size, the product can be eaten, and it has cold and heat-resistant varieties. The cultivation methods include wintering, burying head, spring spinach, summer spinach, autumn spinach, frozen spinach, etc., which can be arranged for seeding and annual supply.
1. Key points of spring spinach cultivation techniques
1 cultivation time: planting in early March - mid-April, mid-May.
2 variety selection and sowing date. For the cultivation of spring spinach, you should choose the spinach variety of the round leaf type with late pumping and leaf hypertrophy. In the early spring, when the soil surface is 4-6 cm, it should be as early as possible, and it is better to use "top seeding". According to meteorological data, the average daily temperature rises to 4-5 °C, usually in early March, until mid-April. Due to the low temperature in the early stage of spring spinach sowing, the emergence of seedlings is slow, which is not conducive to the differentiation of leaf primordial; the temperature rises in the later period, the sunshine is prolonged, and it is beneficial to convulsion and flowering. Therefore, the vegetative growth period is short, the number of leaves is small, easy to shoot, and the yield is low.
3 land preparation. The plots for planting spring spinach should be selected from plots of plots or other field crops that have not been planted with cruciferous vegetables. Use the fermented circle fertilizer as the base fertilizer, add 30 kg of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and then shallow tillage, and make a flat shovel with a width of about 1.3 meters. Some in the first year of the first land to do the squatting, clip the wind barrier to broadcast.
4 sowing. In the production, the method of soaking seeds and germination is often used. The seeds are first soaked in warm water for 5-6 hours. After being taken out, they are germinated at a temperature of 15-20 °C, and washed once a day with warm water for 3 to 4 days. Can sprout. Generally, the method of spreading is adopted. The growth period of spring spinach is short, the plants are small, and the seeding amount is increased to 5-7 kg per mu. In early spring sowing, it is best to use wet sowing ("drop water sowing"), first fill the bottom water, and then sow the seeds after the water seepage, and then cover the soil, about 1 cm thick. Because of the loose soil cover on the kneading surface, it not only reduces the evaporation of soil moisture, but also has the effect of heat preservation. Seeds can be emerged earlier in an environment that is warmer, moister, and well ventilated.
5 field management. In the early stage, spring spinach should be covered with plastic film insulation, which can be directly covered on the surface of the clam. After the emergence of the seedlings, the film is removed or replaced with a small arch shed. The small arch shed reveals the night cover, and the rain cover is exposed to make the seedlings more visible. Spring spinach sown by wet sowing method can generally be poured with the first water when the seedling grows 2 to 3 true leaves due to sufficient soil moisture. When pouring the second water, apply 15 kg of urea per mu with water, or apply 20 kg of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer per mu, especially the fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer 15 days before harvesting. Watering is carried out according to the climate and the humidity of the soil. The principle is to keep the soil moist.
6 timely harvest. Generally, it can be harvested 40-60 days after sowing, and the harvesting standard can be reached in mid-May.
2, summer spinach cultivation techniques
Summer spinach, also known as "Vas spinach", is a spinach that was marketed in July-August. The seedling growth period is in the high temperature and long sunshine season. Although the leaf primordium differentiates rapidly, the flower bud differentiation and convulsion are also fast. Moreover, the temperature is high, the evaporation is large, the breathing is vigorous, the plant nutrient accumulation is small, the leaf area growth is limited, the quality is poor, and the yield is low. Summer spinach cultivation should focus on solving the problems of emergence, seedling growth and robust growth. The cultivation points are:
1 cultivation time. It is planted in mid-June-July in June and harvested in about 50 days after sowing.
2 variety selection. Summer spinach should be selected to have strong heat resistance, rapid growth, resistance to convulsions, disease resistance, high yield and good quality. The varieties suitable for summer planting are: Dutch Bijiu No. 5 spinach F1, K5, Japanese Beifeng, Shaoxing spinach and so on. Secondly, Guangdong round leaf spinach, as well as Nanjing big leaf spinach and Huashang No. 1 can be used.
3 Determine the appropriate sowing date. The sowing date can be arranged more than 50 days before the planned listing. At the same time, it is necessary to arrange as much as possible before the highest temperature in summer, so that the seedlings can grow for a period of time and then enter the high temperature period, which is beneficial to obtain higher yield. Therefore, the suitable sowing time for summer spinach is mid-June.
4 soaking seeds to promote germination. Summer spinach must be soaked in germination before sowing. The method is as follows: soaking in well water for 24-30 hours, wrapping with gauze, hanging in the well 20 cm from the water surface, sinking the gauze into the water every day, washing the seeds once, 2 to 3 days later The seed radicle is exposed and reseeded. The soaked seeds can also be spread in the cool place of the room to germination, pay attention to flipping and maintain a certain amount of water, and can also be budded after 5-6 days. Or soak the seeds in 15 ° C - 20 ° C to germination, 3 - 4 days to sprout.
5 Soil preparation and fertilization. Before arable land, 2000-3000 square meters of fermented farmyard manure, 20 kilograms of three-element compound fertilizer and 10 kilograms of urea were applied. It is also necessary to apply 1.5 kg of zinc fertilizer and 0.7 kg of boron fertilizer as base fertilizer. Shallow tillage, made of 1.1 meters wide flat 畦 (including 埂), the 畦 surface must be flat, 畦 not too long, about 15 meters is appropriate. Before 10 am, after 4 pm, wewed with wet sowing method. That is, watering first, after the water seeps, sprinkle the seeds and cover 1.5-2 cm of fine soil. In order to ensure sufficient seedlings, the seeding rate per 667 square meters can be increased to 8-10 kg. After sowing, it is used as a straw covering the surface, cooling and moisturizing, preventing rain and scouring, and ensuring uniform seedlings. Try not to water before emergence, so as not to wash off the cover soil when the soil is compacted or watered, so that the seeds are exposed and affect the emergence of seedlings. Remove the cover in the evening or in the morning after emergence.
6 field management.
a, between the seedlings. After emergence, the seedlings should be carried out in places where the emergence is too dense.
b, watering. Fertilization and irrigation during the growth of summer spinach should be based on the principle of light pouring and pouring. The first time watering, the water flow should be slow, and the water volume should be small, so as to prevent the mud from soaking the cotyledons and causing dead seedlings. Generally, water is poured once every 5-7 days, and the soil is often kept moist to reduce the ground temperature. Watering time should be placed in the morning or evening, water wells should be poured, and pond water and river water should not be poured. During the growth of the seedlings, they do not like high temperature and strong light, and if necessary, they can cover the shade. The cover is covered early and covered, which is both cool and rainproof.
7 control pests and diseases. The main diseases of summer spinach are rickets, downy mildew, anthracnose, and viral diseases. Prevention and treatment of squatting disease: After the spinach is emerged, the ground and the plants can be sprayed with 3,000 times of the green hen 1 or 1500 times of the gram. If the incidence is heavier, 72.2% Plex 600 times liquid plus 68.75% Du Bang Yi Bao 1000 times liquid spray can be used. Downy mildew prevention and treatment method: can spray 72% manganese zinc cream urea 600 times, or 58% metalaxyl WP 500 times liquid, or 64% antivirus 矾 manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid, or 40% ethyl aluminum phosphate The wettable powder is 200 times liquid, and it is sprayed twice every 7 days. Anthracnose prevention and treatment method: using 70% methyl thiophanate 1000 times solution, or 50% carbendazim WP 600 times solution, or 70% mancozeb WP 500 times solution, alternately sprayed every 7 days 2 --3 times. It is best to combine the control according to different drug characteristics. Virus disease prevention and control methods: eliminate aphids early and reduce the chance of infection. For leaf miner pests, it is necessary to strengthen prevention.
3. Technical measures for cultivation of spinach in summer
Spinach is an important green leafy vegetable with strong cold tolerance. It is widely cultivated in autumn, winter and spring. It is very difficult to grow spinach in high temperature and rainy summer. We use the winter warm shed, the arched shed in the summer idle period, the test is planted with the method of sheltering from the rain, and the success is achieved. The yield per mu can reach more than 1500 kg. The market prospect is good, the income is very impressive, and it can be harvested in about 40 days. The main technical measures taken by the summer spinach are as follows:
1 Protection facilities. The spinach that is sown during the period from May to July belongs to the summer spinach. When planting the summer spinach, it is necessary to use the method of sunshade and rain.
a, cover the sunshade net. The solar greenhouse (winter warm greenhouse) can be used for summer rest period, and the film is covered with a sunshade net to achieve the purpose of sunshade and rain. It is also possible to use a large arch shed, and the film is covered with a shading net to cool down. It is best to use a shade net with a shading rate of 60%. When installing the sunshade net, it is best to leave the shed film 20 cm (the cooling effect is remarkable) and it is convenient to roll. In the high temperature period from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm on sunny days, the greenhouses and greenhouses are covered with sunshade nets to prevent direct sunlight. When the light is weak before 9:00 am and after 4:00 pm on cloudy or sunny days, the sunshade nets are rolled up. This will prevent high temperatures and allow the spinach to see plenty of sunlight.
b. Add insect nets. Aphids, Laodelphax sinensis, is a medium for transmitting viral diseases. Preventing these poisonous vectors from entering the greenhouse is one of the main technical measures for planting Vietnamese vegetables. Before planting, you can be around the arch shed or south of the greenhouse. The 60-70 anti-insect net is sealed, so that it does not affect the ventilation, and it can safely isolate the poisonous medium from entering the greenhouse. The shed film should also be inspected and repaired in time to prevent rainwater from entering the shed and causing viral diseases.
c. In short, taking sunshade and rain protection measures is the key to the cultivation of spinach in summer.
2 use heat-resistant varieties. More heat-resistant varieties should be used. At present, K4, K5, K6, K7 and other varieties produced by Holland Bijiu Co., Ltd. are used. Shengfeng Pioneer also performed very well. Their common features are more heat-resistant, disease-resistant, convulsion-resistant, fast-growing, and high-yield.
3 cultivation methods. When the soil in the solar greenhouse or the large arch shed is sandy loam, it can be planted by sputum because it is easy to infiltrate or evaporate. Generally, the width is 1.5 meters. The width of the ridge is 1.15 meters, the width of the ridge is 35 centimeters, and the width of each raft is 9 centimeters. The plant spacing is 2.50 cm, and the seed is about 1.75 kg. When the soil in the shed is clay soil, it is better to use ridge cultivation because the soil moisture is not easy to infiltrate or evaporate. Practice has proved that spinach cultivation is most afraid of moisture in summer, such as cultivation of stalk rot in sorghum. The base of the cultivating leaves on the ridge is well ventilated and not easy to get sick. Generally 50 cm from a ridge, 2 rows per ridge, 5 cm hole spacing, 2 points per hole, about 1 kg per mu.
4 fertilizer water management. Spinach prefers fertile, moist, high-quality soils, such as the summer spinach in the solar greenhouse, because the soil is fertile, generally no longer apply base fertilizer; such as in the soil is not fertile new greenhouse or new large arch shed, per acre Fully decomposed chicken manure is about 3 square meters to make the base fertilizer. It is best to use potassium nitrate or potassium sulfate compound fertilizer for top dressing. The sand soil is applied with 15 kg of potassium nitrate or 30 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 3 times per mu, and it is applied with water. According to the growth of spinach, the topdressing is less. . The clay loam can be applied with 12 kg of potassium nitrate or 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer three times. Water should be watered in the summer and watered after pouring; the watering can both moisturize and prevent the growth of moss, which is the key to disease prevention. Especially after the emergence of the seedlings, it is very important. If the ground is covered with moss, spinach will have serious dead and rotten leaves.
5 pest control. The summer spinach is prone to diseases such as squatting, downy mildew, bacterial rot and other pests such as whitefly and Liriomyza sativae. Generally, on the fifth day after sowing (just after the whole seedling), spray 600 times with 600 times of the big life and 600 times of the powder of the mildew. On the 12th day, spray again with Dasheng and the mildew, 1st and 28th days. Use Kelu 600 times + avermectin + agricultural streptomycin to spray one time, and on the 35th day, use Dasheng + downy mildew + agricultural streptomycin to spray once, this can control the occurrence of diseases. Prevent viral diseases, pay attention to pest control, and prevent insects from spreading. Also pay attention to shading and cooling, prevent rain and prevent excessive drought, and increase the application of organic fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and micro-fertilizer. Spraying the disease, virus A, etc. every 7 days can prevent viral diseases.
6 harvest. When the spinach grows to a height of 20-30 cm (about 40 days), it should be harvested in time. It can also be harvested in advance according to the market price or 1-2 days after the delay. But don't delay too much time, because spinach is prone to decay in the summer, so the harvest period should not be late.
4, early autumn spinach cultivation techniques
Spinach is planted in the early autumn, the growth period is about 30-40 days, the time is short, and the vegetable market is fast, which can meet the market demand for autumn mussels and achieve higher economic benefits.
1 cultivation time. Sowing around August 20, and listing in the middle and late September.
2 choose the variety. Just entering the fall, the temperature is still very high (commonly known as "autumn tiger"). At this time, spinach should be used, and heat-resistant and easily germinated varieties such as all-round spinach should be used.
3 soil selection. The spinach planted in autumn is not strict with soil requirements, and the cultivation on sandy loam is premature, and it is easy to produce high yield in clay loam. The acid resistance is weak, the suitable soil pH is 5.5-7, and the soil pH is below 5.5 or 8 and the growth is poor.
4 apply enough base fertilizer. Spinach has a high absorption rate of nitrogen and potassium. Generally, 1000 kg of farmyard manure and 80 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied to the mu. At the same time, the soil moisture of the whole growth period must be 70-80% of the field water holding capacity.
5 soaking seeds and germination. Before sowing, soak the spinach seeds for 12-24 hours, then spread them in the shade of the room for germination. During this time, the seeds should be frequently turned and kept moist. After 5-6 days, it can be sown until it is germinated.
6 sowing at the right time. Spinach in early autumn is usually planted after mid-August, and harvested in mid-to-late September. The amount of seeds used in the high temperature period should be increased to 10-15 kg per mu (on-demand seed on-demand, the amount of sowing should not be too large, generally 1.2-1.5 kg per mu of dry seed). When sowing, you should first pour the bottom water and then sow the seeds, evenly sow 2 to 3 times.
7 seeding management. The spinach that was previously sown by “Bailu†is best covered with straw or straw after sowing, or covered with a shed to reduce the risk of high temperature and heavy rain and direct sunlight to cool and moisturize and promote the whole seedling. Before the seedlings of spinach are planted, water should be poured once a day in the morning and evening; after emergence, the coverings should be removed, and the seedlings should be timely watered according to the soil moisture; after the two true leaves of spinach are unfolded, the number of leaves, leaf weight and leaf area are rapid. Growth, the application of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 1-2 times; multiple times during the growth period, a small amount of top dressing applied light manure.
5. Autumn spinach cultivation techniques
Autumn spinach refers to spinach that was sown in August and marketed from September to October. After "Liqiu" (early August), the temperature gradually decreased, the sunshine time was gradually shortened, and the climatic conditions were favorable for vegetative growth, which was unfavorable for reproductive growth, so it was easier to achieve high-yield and high-quality targets.
1 cultivation time. Sowing in August, 30-60 days after sowing can be harvested in batches, and will be listed in the middle to late September to November.
2 select the appropriate variety. After the sowing of autumn spinach, the temperature in the early stage is high, the temperature in the later period is gradually reduced, the light is sufficient, suitable for spinach growth, and the sunshine is gradually shortened, and it is difficult to develop through the stage. Generally, autumn spinach does not twitch, so it is not very strict in the selection of varieties. For early sowing, because the temperature is still relatively high, you can use the more heat-resistant round-leaf spinach varieties; when the sowing date is late, you can use round-leaf spinach varieties or sharp-leaved spinach varieties.
3 seed treatment. When planting in August, the average daily temperature still has an effect on the germination of spinach seeds. Especially when planting in early August, the average daily temperature often reaches 24-29 °C. If seed soaking is not carried out before sowing, the emergence is slow and the leaves are growing. The period is shortened, which in turn affects production. The soaking and germination method is the same as the summer spinach.
4 choose the ground for 畦. In the bases that meet the production conditions of pollution-free vegetables, choose the soil that is sunny, loose and fertile, water-preserving and fertilizer-retaining, with good irrigation and drainage conditions, and neutral and slightly acidic soil. After the harvest, the soil is deeply ploughed, the roots are removed, and it is fully roasted and whitened. When preparing the soil, every 666.7 square meters of fermented organic fertilizer 3000-4000 kg, lime 100 kg, and then the surface of the bauxite is flattened and made into flat or sorghum. The width is 1.2 - 1.5 meters.
5 suitable sowing. Spinach is usually broadcast live and is mainly broadcast. Generally, from August to September, it can also be planted in batches in advance in July or in late October. Seeds can be dried or soaked in well water for about 12 hours, placed in a well or in a bomb shelter for germination, or placed in a refrigerator or refrigerator at a low temperature of about 4 ° C for 24 hours, then at 20 ° C - 25 Germination under °C conditions, sowing after 3 to 5 days of germination. Pour the bottom water before sowing, gently comb the topsoil after sowing, so that the seeds fall into the soil gap, and cover the straw with straw or cover the shade net with small arch shed or flat shed to keep the soil moist to facilitate the excavation and prevent high temperature and heavy rain. Scour. Always keep the soil moist, and you can get the seedlings after about 6-7 days. Due to the hot and dry climate in autumn, there are heavy rains, poor growth, and often dead seedlings, which require more seeding, 5-6 kg per 666.7 square meters. The late temperature is gradually reduced, the emergence rate is higher, and the seeding rate can be reduced to 3.0-3.5 kg.
6 cultivation management. The temperature and temperature of autumn spinach seedlings are high during the growth period. Watering should be done by watering, keeping the soil moist and lowering the ground temperature, and providing good environmental conditions for seedling growth. The early stage of autumn spinach growth is high temperature and dry weather. After the true leaves are grown, a light manure should be poured in time. After the plant grows and the temperature is lowered, the top dressing concentration is gradually increased. However, it should be applied when the soil is dry. If the soil is moist, the spinach grows slowly and is prone to disease. After 2 pieces of true leaves, pull out the dense seedlings between the joints, remove the weeds, and pay attention to the top dressing. Fertilization should pay attention to the principle of light application, diligence, and lightening. In the early stage, more organic fertilizer, that is, decomposed manure, especially in the 15 days before harvesting, should stop the manure application, and enter the growth period in the later stage. The quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in stages 2 to 3 times, and urea is applied every 666.7 square meters. - 10 kg, promote the growth of leaf plexus, increase yield and improve quality.
7 harvested. Autumn spinach has a short growth period and should be harvested in time according to the growth and market needs. Generally, when the height of the seedling is 10 cm, it starts to be pulled out in batches, and it is listed one after another. Pay attention to the first time to collect the dense and convulsed spinach, usually after the first extraction, and then the second time. The harvested yellow leaves should be removed, washed with water, and tied into 250-500 grams. Autumn spinach generally produces 3,000-4,000 kilograms per mu, and high-yield can reach 5,000 kilograms.
6. Autumn and winter large leaf spinach cultivation techniques
1 variety introduction
a, resistant to twitching all-round spinach. Introduced from Hong Kong. Heat-resistant, cold-resistant, wide adaptability, strong winter, long twitching; fast growth, rapid growth at 3-28 °C. The plant is erect, the plant height is 30-35 cm, the leaves are 7-9 pieces, and the mass per plant is about 100 grams. The leaves are dark green, thick and fat, and the leaves are smooth, 30-35 cm long and 10-15 cm wide. Less astringency and soft texture. The growth period is 80-110 days, and it is resistant to downy mildew, anthrax and viral diseases.
b, Sheng Pioneer is a hybrid generation of spinach. Heat resistant to convulsions, resistant to downy mildew, wide and dark green leaves. Medium and early maturing, harvested 38-45 days after sowing in spring, with a plant weight of 55-65 grams and a plant height of 30-35 cm. The plant type is erect, pointed round leaves, smooth leaves, bright leaves and excellent merchandise.
c, avant-garde spinach. The plant type is erect and tall, the petiole is thick, the leaves are thick, the leaves are dark green, the growth speed is fast, and the suitable sowing period is long. It can be planted from mid-August to the second year of the second year, and harvested 45-50 days after sowing. The average yield per mu is 3000 kg, and the high yield field can reach 4000-5000 kg.
d, Dutch spinach. The variety is precocious, cold-resistant, resistant to convulsions, leaves are thick, and the leaves are dark green. The average weight per plant is 600 grams, and the maximum weight per plant is 750 grams. The average yield per mu is 3000-3500 kilograms. The fiber is small, sweet and has no astringency. The growth period of the protected land is 30 days, and the growth period of the open field is 50 days. The autumn broadcast time is generally available before the end of September, and can be listed during the New Year's Day to the Spring Festival, with an output of 3,500 to 4,000 kilograms per mu.
2 suitable sowing. The appropriate sowing period is mid-September - early October, preferably before the National Day. Harvesting begins generally around 60 days after sowing.
3 soil preparation. First remove the residual material from the front sputum, and then apply the base fertilizer, apply 2000- 2500 kg of manure and manure per mu, 50 kg of high-concentration compound fertilizer, 50 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and then plow the hoe. It is cultivated in flat sorghum and has a width of 2 meters to ensure energy drainage.
4 wet sown sowing. The seed husk of spinach is hard, not easy to absorb water, and it is difficult to make seedlings. Therefore, the bottom water in the field before sowing is sufficient. If the weather is too dry during the sowing, it must be watered in advance, protected, and then planted every 1-2 days. If the sensation is acceptable, the water should be poured in the seeding ditch after ditching. The seeds of Japanese large leaf spinach are large, full and tidy, and have strong germination. When sowing, the method of ditching can be used to open the ditch, the distance between the grooves is 18-20 cm, the depth of the ditch is 2 cm, and the grain distance is 4-5 cm. Can be properly close planted, the amount of seed per acre is controlled at 0.7-0.8 kg, after the sowing is covered with 2 - 3 cm, and then gently suppressed, to help the emergence of seedlings. If the sensation is appropriate, it will be 7 to 10 days after the broadcast.
5 fertilizer water management. Big leaf spinach likes fertile and moist, cold, avoids drought, stagnant water, and is a fast-growing vegetable. Therefore, it is necessary to supply sufficient fertilizer and water in time during the growth period. From sowing to seedlings, it is necessary to keep the soil moist and ensure the seedlings. 3 leaf stage cultivating alfalfa, ventilating and promoting roots; before the closure of the line, the 6-7 leaf stage should be combined with water and fertilizer, fertilizer and water to promote the vigorous growth of spinach, urea can be applied 10 to 15 kg per mu, fertilization method: dry application After watering or when it is raining, use the daytime fertilization; after sealing, if you want to topdress, you can apply the ammonium carbonate water with water. If it is dry during growth, it should be moisturized. In case of continuous rain, it is necessary to clear the drainage in time.
6 pest control. The diseases that harm spinach are mainly viral diseases and downy mildew diseases. It is necessary to completely eliminate aphids, eliminate diseased plants, and control the spread of viral diseases. Prevention and cure methods for downy mildew: strengthen field management, rational close planting, reasonable irrigation, reduce field humidity, spray in time at the beginning of the disease, use 85% fluting WP 500 times, spray every 7-10 days 1 time, a total of 2 - 3 times. Pests that harm spinach include Cabbage caterpillars, diamondback moths, and aphids. For cabbage caterpillars and diamondback moth, it can be controlled by alternate use of pesticides such as enemy killing, taibao or Bacillus thuringiensis; aphids can be controlled by imidacloprid.
7 timely harvest. When the spinach plants grow to 35-40 cm, they can be harvested in time. When harvesting, remove the yellow leaves, dead leaves, and diseased leaves, and then bundle them with 4-5 kg ​​of each bundle with special plastic belts.
7, wintering spinach cultivation techniques
1 cultivation time. Sowing around mid-October in October, harvesting begins around the Spring Festival.
2 Select the land preparation. Fertilization on the ground. After the harvest of the former sorghum crop, 5000 kg of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure and 30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per acre are applied, and 20--25 cm of ploughing is carried out, and the flattening, tamping, and squatting are 1.5--1.7 m wide. When the seeding is carried out, the ditch can be ditched by a line spacing of about 10 cm, and the ditch is 3 - 4 cm deep. The seeds are evenly spread, and then the soil is covered, and the water is solidified.
3 choose good varieties. The wintering cultivation of spinach is easily affected by the low temperature in winter and early spring. After the spring, the general varieties are easy to twitch and reduce the yield and quality. Therefore, varieties with strong winter, late twitching, cold tolerance and high yield should be selected, such as cold-leaved varieties such as spinach, spinach No. 10 and spinia No. 9.
4 sowing at the right time. The overwintering spinach has a strong cold tolerance when the plants reach 5-6 leaves before stopping growth. Therefore, when the average daily temperature drops to 17 ° C - 19 ° C, it is most suitable for planting. At this time, the climate is cool, suitable for germination and emergence of spinach, generally do not need to broadcast germination seeds, but to dry seeds and wet seeds. The method is as follows: firstly soak the seeds with warm water at 35 ° C for 12 hours, remove them for drying or spreading, and then cover the soil with water after the sowing. When planting, if the weather is dry, you must first pour the soil into the bottom water, and then gently comb the topsoil after sowing to make the seeds fall into the soil.
5 appropriate amount of sowing. Ditching and sowing, line spacing 8 - 10 cm, after the seedlings are out, the seedlings are fixed at 7 cm. If the seed has low purity and a lot of impurities, you can use it to remove impurities and cockroaches, and leave the seeds full of seeds to ensure that the seedlings are neat and strong.
6 winter protection. 4 to 5 days after sowing, the seedlings will be released. Before the emergence of the soil, the surface of the soil will be watered. The surface of the soil will be moistened to the seedlings to promote the growth of spinach. After the spinach is germinated and unearthed, a shallow loose soil should be carried out to protect the grass. When the plants grow 3 to 4 leaves, they can properly control the water and promote the development of the roots to facilitate the wintering of the spinach. In order to meet the needs of the market before and after the Spring Festival, it is necessary to pay attention to setting up wind barriers or doing cold and frost-proof coverage in order to avoid freezing the leaves and seriously affecting the yield and quality of spinach. When the plant grows 5-6 leaves and is about to stop growing, it is necessary to timely seal the frozen water. The timing of watering should be mastered in the soil surface. It is best to use frozen water for pouring frozen water, which is conducive to the accelerated growth of spinach in early spring. In the middle of February of the next year, the wind barrier was removed, and the debris in the surface and the sulcus was removed.
7 control pests and diseases. The wintering spinach pests and diseases mainly include anthracnose, downy mildew, viral diseases and aphids. Downy mildew and anthrax can be controlled by spraying with 75% chlorothalonil 600 times solution, 25% metalaxyl 700 times solution, 40% ethyl phosphorus aluminum wettable powder 300 times solution, etc. at the beginning of the disease. In addition to the rotation of the virus disease, it should also promptly control the transmission of aphids and other vectors. The aphid can be sprayed with 10% imidacloprid 2000 times or 2% avermectin 2500-3000 times.
8, wind barrier spinach cultivation
Wind-resistant cultivation is a cultivation type that uses the wind barrier as a barrier to insert the wintering spinach on the north side of the vegetable garden. Because the wind barrier has the effect of weakening the wind speed and stabilizing the surface airflow, the windproof effect is good; and the wind barrier can also use the solar radiation and the baffle reflection to improve the temperature and ground temperature of the vegetable meal and improve the microclimate before the wind barrier. Wind barriers such as wind and cold, heat preservation and antifreeze are beneficial to the wintering of spinach, early spring and early harvest.
1 The whole land is used as a wind barrier. The wind barrier should be erected before the soil is frozen. The wind barrier is too early, and the temperature inside the raft is high, which is easy to cause the mites to gather. The wind barrier is too late, the soil is frozen, and the quality of the land preparation cannot be guaranteed. The wind barrier is generally east-west. The wind barrier is dug in the north of the vegetable garden. The width of the trench is 16 cm and the depth of the trench is 26 cm. Place the reeds or bamboo rafts, old agricultural film, straw curtains, Corn stalks, sorghum stalks and other materials close to the south wall of the ditch, and fill the soil. The wind barrier is inclined to the south by 70-80 degrees, 50 cm apart. Yokohama, tie it up, and behind the windshield, it is necessary to cultivate the soil to prevent the wind from freezing. Before the wind barrier, do 4 seeding rafts, half a winding walkway, each wind barrier is 7-8 meters apart to prevent mutual shade.
2 sowing and management. Windbreaking spinach sowing, seedling management, pouring water and other management techniques are the same as wintering spinach. It should be noted that the green water should be poured in the morning and evening according to the seedlings. Because the one or two 畦 insulation is good, the seedlings return to green in advance, so watering and topdressing should be carried out in advance.
3 film covered spinach cultivation. That is, the wintering spinach is covered with spinach in the short-term before the greening in the next year, and it can be returned to the market in advance. Generally, the waste film is covered 20 to 30 days before the spinach is returned to the green, or it is covered during the wintering period. It has the effect of increasing the temperature and preventing cold, reducing the dead seedlings, and the lesser exposed spinach can be listed 15 days earlier.
9. Cultivation and frozen storage of frozen spinach
Frozen spinach is sown in mid-autumn. During the growth period, the climate gradually cools, the temperature difference between day and night increases, and the sunshine is gradually shortened. It is suitable for spinach leaf primordium differentiation and leaf growth. In the later stage of growth, the soil is softened, so the plant accumulates more nutrients, the leaf flesh is thick, the color is dark green, and the heart leaves are fresh. Yellow, sweet taste, good quality, and resistant to storage. Because the spinach is harvested with a part of red roots, the red leaves of the green leaves are lined with yellow hearts, and the color is beautiful, also known as red root spinach. It is generally frozen after harvest in winter, and it is refurbished after New Year's Day and Spring Festival. It has a long supply period and is welcomed by the market. The management and soil-cultivating techniques of frozen spinach are more complicated. The cultivation techniques and frozen storage methods are now introduced as follows.
1 cultivation time. Sowing in mid-September, growing 70-75 days, harvesting in mid-to-late November.
2 variety selection. For frozen spinach, it is preferred to use sharp-leaved species or sharp-leaved species that are more resistant to cold, dark green leaves, thick leaves, short petiole, and high yield. Such as Shuangcheng pointed leaf spinach, Shanghai pointed round leaf spinach, Yangchuan and other varieties.
3 Land preparation. The ground of frozen spinach is made from the same roots and spinach. Because it is to be softened in the later stages of growth, it is necessary to leave a folder for soil removal. The method is: the things are extended and side by side to make 3 cockroaches, the two sides of the two rafts are 1.67m wide, for planting spinach, leaving a 0.7m wide folder in the middle, no spinach, and the soil in the raft is used for soil. , 畦 8.3m long.
4 sowing. Frozen spinach takes 70-75 days from sowing to harvesting, so the sowing period is stricter. The sowing is early, the stems and leaves are long, the leaves are thin, the accumulated nutrients are less, the quality is poor, and the plants tend to age when harvested, which affects the frozen storage effect. After sowing, the plant growth time is insufficient, which affects the yield. Sowing is suitable for mid-September. The refrigerated spinach should be cultivated in the later stage of growth. The wide strips are used, the row spacing is l0cm, the broadcast width is 5-6cm, and the seed amount per mu is 3——3.5kg. The dry seeds are broadcast live. The management of the field such as watering, topdressing, cultivating, intercropping, weeding is equivalent to wintering spinach. The difference is:
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Cabbage
Dehydrated cabbage, also known as dried cabbage, is a versatile and convenient ingredient that can be used in a wide range of dishes. It is a popular product in the food industry due to its long shelf life and ease of storage, making it a cost-effective option for both commercial and home kitchens.
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