Every year in the early stage of bolting of garlic, a certain percentage of garlic has secondary branches (also called small tassels) and deformed bolts, which seriously affect the yield and quality of garlic bolts. How to avoid these phenomena?
1. The second branch of garlic
The secondary branching of garlic is also called secondary growth and bifurcation. The masses call it "horsetail garlic" and small tassel disease. There are generally two phenomena: one is the differentiation from the outer leaf sheath to the branch head to form the compound petal garlic; two It is differentiated from the inner leaf sheath into a branch head to form scattered petal garlic. After secondary branching, the main bolt of garlic became shorter and thinner, and could not even be extracted. The yield of garlic bolt decreased by 70%, and basically lost its commerciality. In severe years, the incidence of secondary branching is more than 90%, which will lead to the basic loss of garlic sprouts and cause huge losses to garlic farmers.
The malformation of garlic sprouts means that the garlic sprouts become thicker and shorter, the bolting is not smooth, and the garlic sprouts are swollen and bent, and the commerciality is lost. The masses call them "strange bolts". According to the author's multi-point survey for many years, the incidence rate in general years is 5% to 15%, and the incidence rate in severe years is 30% to 40%.
The reasons for the secondary growth of garlic are complex. In addition to the variety factors, the differences in climate and cultivation factors are the main causes.
1. Climatic factors
Although garlic has high tolerance to low temperature, it is more sensitive to temperature, especially the temperature and time requirements of garlic in the vernalization stage. Generally, the plants after garlic is sown at 0℃～10℃, after 1 to 2 months Through the vernalization stage. I remember one year before the winter, there was a warm winter climate conducive to the growth and development of garlic. The growth was vigorous before the winter, the fake stem was thick after the winter, the leaves were thick and thick, and the phenomenon of secondary branching was more serious.
2. Cultivation factors
â‘ Seeding is too early and grows vigorously before winter, which is easy to produce secondary branches. In recent years, garlic farmers have been blindly pursuing the morning market of garlic sprouts. At the same time, because of the large area, so as to stagger the agricultural work, sowing early, so that the seedlings develop early and increase the branch. According to a survey of garlic sowing dates, the incidence of secondary branching in the field sown at the end of August and early September was 60%, while the incidence of secondary branching of garlic sown in the middle and late October was only 5%. This shows that delaying the sowing date can significantly reduce the occurrence of garlic secondary branches.
â‘¡The influence of sowing density and branching. Too thin garlic sowing density will cause the garlic to grow laterally in the early stage, the pseudostem will thicken and the scales will be large, which will easily produce lateral buds and develop into branches. According to a survey, a farmer planted 7 acres of garlic, planted 37,500 acres at equal rows, 100 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 75 kg of cotton cake, and 30 kg of urea. The false stems were 2 cm thick before winter, and 75% of the plants were split. Finally, because garlic sprouts have mostly lost their commodities, they are cultivated and replanted.
â‘¢ Improper fertilization can also cause the increase of the second branch of garlic. Garlic is more resistant to fertilizers, and there is a large demand for fertilizers. However, if the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too much in the application of basic fertilizer, in the case of early sowing, a growth peak will be formed before winter, and a large number of branches will be produced after winter; if the spring fertilizer is applied too early, the nitrogen in the plant is too much. Insufficient stalk fertilizer in the later period will also promote the increase of branches, the main stalk is fine and the yield is reduced.
2. Reasons for the formation of deformed sedge
The formation of malformed stalks of garlic is mainly caused by viral diseases. The new leaves of the diseased plant were hindered, the plant type became shorter, the leaves and false stems were deformed and twisted, and the garlic bolt could not be extracted, resulting in a swollen neck. The source of the virus bacteria is the transmission hazards of Myzus persicae and the like, and the second is caused by the asexual reproduction of garlic and the propagation material is poisonous.
3. Preventive measures
1. Sowing in time, reasonable dense planting
In order to ensure that garlic can grow well before winter and grow normally after winter, it is generally required that garlic grow to 5 to 6 leaves before winter, the fake stem is 0.5 to 0.6 cm thick, and the seedling height is about 20 cm.
2. Use plastic film
The early and middle growth period of garlic is sensitive to temperature, rain and light. In recent years, the winter is warm and the spring is cold. The large temperature changes and the frequent alternation of wet and dry conditions directly affect the steady growth of garlic and the weakening of disease resistance, resulting in varying degrees of disease and the incidence of branching and deformed bolts between years. According to the observation in the past ten years, when the temperature is high in winter and spring, and the humidity in the field is high, the disease will be serious, and the secondary branching of garlic and the occurrence of deformed bolts will be serious. In winter and spring, the temperature is low and there is little rain, the disease is light, and the secondary branching is less. Since the promotion of plastic film cultivation in 1998, after multiple surveys, garlic branches and deformed stalks have a significant downward trend. The reason why the plastic film mulch can control the occurrence of bifurcation and deformed stalk is that the plastic film has the effect of warming and heat preservation, improving the ecological environment of garlic roots, and effectively prolonging the period of garlic vernalization.
3. Scientific Operational Fertilization
Garlic is mainly based on fertilizer, supplemented by top dressing; organic fertilizer is mainly used, supplemented by quick-acting fertilizer; additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and actively promote the soil testing formula fertilization technology. Application method should be applied with sufficient base fertilizer, common application fertilizer, and re-applied stalk fertilizer to prevent vigorous growth before winter, make garlic suitable for overwintering, stable in the middle period, bolting of strong seedlings, and prevent premature aging in the later period. Achieve the uniform thickness of garlic sprouts, high yield of sprouts, good quality; enhance resistance to stress, light disease. Generally, 1000 kg of organic fertilizer, 40-50 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 15-20 kg of urea or 150 kg of high-quality garlic formula fertilizer are applied to the basic fertilizer of the field. 1000 kg of rot and manure or 15 kg of urea per mu for wax manure; 15-20 kg of urea per mu for bolting fertilizer to promote bolting of garlic.
4. Disease control
The garlic disease mainly occurs in the middle and late stages, and the occurrence of the disease will also increase the garlic's secondary branches and deformed stalks. The main diseases of garlic are leaf blight, leaf blight and leaf spot. It can be used in 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution, 25% mancozeb 400 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution, 50% prothionine 1000 times solution or 50% Sukorin 500 times solution. Spray alternately at the beginning of the disease. Seed soaking and foliar spraying with 100 times of 83 anti-resistance agent can effectively reduce the occurrence of deformed bolts.
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