1. The physiological characteristics of young children
Children aged 1 to 3 years are still very fast growing. At this time, they are growing teeth, but their teeth are not yet out of alignment, their chewing ability is poor, gastrointestinal motility and regulation are low, and various digestive enzymes are far less active than adults. At this time, the defensive performance against bad external stimuli is still poor. It is not easy to digest hard foods, spicy foods, and it is easy to diarrhea and colds. In addition, breast-feeding children are at the stage of breaking breast milk, and complementary foods gradually replace the transitional stage of breast-milk-based diet. Attention should be paid to ensuring proper supply of various nutrients and heat energy. Otherwise, children's growth will be slow, stagnation, or even malnutrition. .
The “Nutrition Development Report on Children aged 0-6 in China†pointed out that the problem of malnutrition among children aged 1-3 years is more prominent. 2000-2009
The analysis of prevalence of anaemia in children under 5 years of age showed that the prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6-24 months was the highest, and the prevalence of anaemia in children aged 2-3 was a plateau period, and gradually decreased after age 3. In 2010, 6-12
The prevalence of anemia in rural children aged at month-old was as high as 28.2%, and the prevalence of anemia among children aged 13-24 months was 20.5%. At the same time there are other malnutrition problems.
At the same time, the problem of overweight or obesity has become increasingly evident. Therefore, adequate attention should be paid to the arrangement of meals for young children. Children's eating habits and habits are developed at this time. It is very important for children to develop good eating habits at this stage.
2. Total dietary energy
Know how much the child should eat and how much to eat. The total calories needed for children with different genders, different ages, and different activity levels are also different. It is necessary to have an individualized diet plan to avoid excessive or excessive amounts. Qualified professional nutritionists can be consulted.
3. Milk
Children who can continue breastfeeding should continue breastfeeding. The amount of breast milk is about 600 ml/day. It is best to continue to 2 years old so that the children can naturally leave their milk. If breastfeeding is not possible, it is best to choose infant formula 50-80 g/day (equivalent to 350-500 ml liquid milk).
Some foreign countries recommend young children who have been fed after 1 year of age to start drinking pure milk or fresh milk. This proposal has also begun to affect domestic doctors and young mothers. The Chinese Nutrition Society's recommendations on the infant feeding guidelines suggest that formula milk powder should be preferred to ordinary liquid milk, adult milk powder or soy protein powder. The proposed guidelines point out that the main source of nutrients for infants after the age of 1 year is basically no longer dependent on the supply of breast milk. Therefore, infant formula is an ideal food to help infants and young children achieve the normal over-eating from breast milk, and is to ensure the infant's diet during the transition period. Get good nutrition. The content of protein in ordinary liquid milk is 3 times that of breast milk, and the content of minerals is also relatively high. Direct feeding of ordinary liquid milk causes a greater burden on the kidneys and intestines of young children.
Combining national conditions, malnutrition and other malnutrition problems are more prominent in China. In particular, in the backward regions, there are differences in the Chinese and Western dietary patterns, and the feeding recommendations may differ slightly. Of course, it does not mean that pure milk or fresh milk can not be drunk. This should be combined with the actual situation, rather than blindly "constrained" or "beloved." If the children can achieve a balanced diet and develop well, they can choose appropriate amounts of pure milk or fresh milk. For children who are unwilling to accept formula milk and are willing to drink pure milk, they can also choose pure milk or pure sugar-free yogurt to ensure that the calcium and other sources are sufficient to meet the children's development without causing adverse effects.
4. The staple food
From infancy to early childhood, staple foods began to increase gradually. Grains commonly referred to as staple foods include rice, flour, corn, and millet. The foods produced include rice, taro, noodles, and porridge. The total amount is equivalent to 100-150 grams/day of raw weight. There are many kinds of cereals and there are various cooking methods such as soft rice, rice porridge, noodles, bread, Hanamaki, dumplings, steamed buns, oysters, and rice pudding. Should be alternated frequently, both to meet the diversification of dietary requirements, but also make children more acceptable. You can also try to eat some potatoes such as potatoes, sweet potatoes. The staple food should be soft and gradually over-extended to adults, but not too hard.
5. Vegetables, fruits
Rich vegetables and fruits are also beneficial to the health of children. This is when the amount of vegetables and fruits can be 150 to 200 grams, from less to more. Vegetables to avoid leeks, celery and other cellulose-containing more difficult to digest, you can choose green vegetables, spinach leaves, cabbage leaves, carrots, bamboo shoots, tomatoes and other nutritionally valuable dark-colored or green vegetables, while doing a variety Sex. Fruits can also be diversified, such as apples, bananas, peaches, oranges, seedless grapes, dragon fruit and so on.
In order to allow children to love milk and fruit at the same time, parents can add some fruit to the yogurt and match it with delicious food.
6. Eggs, fish and shrimp, skinny livestock
Each day, the total amount of eggs, fish, shrimp, and lean poultry meat adds up to 100 grams. Slim livestock meat can be 25-50 grams, and thin livestock meat is a good source of nutrients such as iron, zinc, and protein. But it should not be excessive, especially red meat, otherwise it will increase the intake of saturated fat, over the long term prone to overweight or obesity. Can make dumplings with meat and vegetables, give children dumplings, taking into account the health and delicious.
Every day or the next day, 1 egg or equal amount of other eggs can be made into scrambled eggs with tomatoes, seaweed egg soup, steamed shrimp with eggs, or steamed eggs with minced meat.
Fish and shrimp average 25-50 grams per day, preferably 1-2 times a week, marine fish (sea fish, such as salmon, which are less likely to be contaminated with mercury), to obtain more DHA. In order to prevent children from catching fish, they can make fish balls.
Example recipes:
8. Soy products
You can eat tofu and bean curd in moderation. The types of tofu are also relatively high, with preference given to old bean curd (Northern bean curd) and soft bean curd (Northern bean curd), which are relatively high in calcium but not to lactone tofu (with relatively low calcium content). The lower nutritional value of soybean milk (25 grams of soybeans can be made into 800 milliliters of soybean milk) is not suitable for infants within 3 years of age; harder bean curd, bean curd skin, tofu, and other soy products are best eaten after 3 years of age. Whole grains of soybeans, bean sprouts and soybeans are best eaten after 6 years old.
7. Oil 20~25g
The development of the brain and nervous system requires, in addition to protein, unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids, so young children should consume enough fat to meet the needs of unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. At present, there are many oils on the market, and some even use various flags. Choosing cooking oil for children seems to make parents overwhelmed. In fact, no vegetable oil is perfect and has its own characteristics. Soybean oil, salad oil, olive oil, sesame oil, linseed oil, perilla oil, etc., or blend oils of several oils can be selected. Walnut oil is similar to soybean oil, but it is also possible, but it cannot be a myth of walnut oil.
8. seasoning
Salt 1~3g/day. China is a typical heavy-flavor country, and the drawbacks caused by heavy tastes are already evident. The high incidence of high blood pressure scary, but few are valued. Preventing chronic diseases should start from children and start from the baby. From childhood, develop light taste and reduce salt intake. At the same time, do not eat spicy spicy food.
9. Supplements
Children between the ages of 1 and 3 are best still supplemented with vitamin D, 400 international units per day. The amount of vitamin D in food is very limited. If the children have more outdoor activities during the summer, they may not be added, and they will be supplemented when the sun is low in the winter. Whether other supplements need to be supplemented or combined with the actual situation, if the diet is balanced, it is generally not necessary. For children who do not drink powdered milk or milk, they can meet the growth and development needs by properly arranging their diet, but they need to pay attention to calcium supplementation. It is advisable to consume fish 2-3 times a week. If fish intake is small, consider adding fish oil or DHA preparations.
10. Arrangements for meals
Emphasis on the child's eating habits, so that children gradually develop good eating habits, regular, quantitative regular meals. 5 to 6 meals a day, that is, the main meal 3 times, between the two main meals on the morning and afternoon can eat milk, fruit, can also add meals before going to bed. Try to avoid sweets and drinks as well as less healthy snacks.
11. Change the diet pattern
Cooking meals for children can be a very hard job. Bad taste or poor collocation can not attract children, causing children to have appetite. How to make delicious food, parents need to use their brains to master the basic principles of nutrition.
12. One-day recipe example
Breakfast: 1 small volume or steamed buns, 0.5-1 steamed eggs or boiled eggs, milk 200 ml
Early breakfast: Apple (1/2), or a small amount of cookies, snacks, etc.
Lunch: two rice (rice + millet, about 40-50 grams of raw weight), minced meat or pork with minced pork, fried garlic with garlic or fried spinach
Midday: Banana (half root ~ 1 root), small amount of biscuits, snacks, etc. or milk 200ml
Dinner: Pork fish round cabbage noodles or cabbage pork dumplings
Late: Milk 200ml
13. How to deal with general partial eclipse or picky eaters
Many children are more or less picky or partial eclipses. To make it easy for children to eat, parents need to prepare meals for their children to be attractive, to make animals or graphics, so that children can understand things from the shape of food. You can enjoy delicious food. According to reports, in order to let his children love eating and concentrate on studying their children's diet, the British daddy made foods into various beautiful designs or models, taking care of nutrition and no longer worrying about their children's diet.
In the nutrition clinic also found that because children eat more snacks, or more drinks, leading to not love to eat, and even affect the child's normal development. This reminds parents to keep children away from unhealthy snacks and to control the amount of snacks so as not to affect children's three meals.
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