First, the newly planted vines, new roots have not yet grown up on fertilization
Newly planted vines usually have new roots when the tendrils grow. The application of too much fertilizer before the new root grows, on the one hand, causing difficulty in water absorption of the seedlings and, on the other hand, making it difficult for the new roots to grow. In the event of high temperatures, the above-ground parts will die and die. Before the new root grows, it is only suitable for the foliage to supplement the nutrition. It can use urea water 500 times solution + Nonglaixin potassium dihydrogen phosphate 600 times foliar spray, spray once every 5 days, and even spray 3 times. Spraying fertilizer is best to choose when the afternoon is not too hot, fast rough spray. In addition, when the new root is grown, it is also not suitable to use high-concentration fertilizers and flush with amino acid powder and fungus fertilizer.
Second, the yellow leaves after germination, immediately fertilize a lot of water
65% of the vine's nutrition from germination to flowering comes from the storage of the tree in the previous year. If the accumulation of nutrients in the tree is insufficient in the previous year, the most intuitive manifestation at this time is the yellowing of leaves. The related factors are: high output in the previous year, late harvest, insufficient nutrient accumulation; infection with downy mildew in the late years of last year, causing leaves to fall off; excessive application of nitrogen in the late years, the branches can not be normal mature leaves; late last year The soil moisture is too large, causing roots or excessive amount of roots to be burned. This results in a large number of root deaths. The basal fertilizers are applied too late or fertilized in spring, and the roots are heavily damaged. All these reasons are basically related to the weak and weak roots of the vine. In early spring, the temperature rises quickly and the ground temperature rises slowly. If you choose to fertilize and water a lot, it will lead to lower soil temperature and poorer root absorption capacity. In addition, the root system itself will be less and weaker. Finally, the more watered and fertilized fruit trees will emerge. The longer the phenomenon is. In this case, on the one hand, it is necessary to loosen the soil and increase the temperature of the soil. At the same time, it is necessary to supplement the nutrition of the leaves. The above-mentioned foliar fertilizer application plan can be referred to.
Third, find the treetops or the entire tree yellowing, blindly iron
In some vineyards, the leaves of the treetops are yellowed, and even the whole tree leaves are yellowish in color. Symptoms are similar to iron deficiency. However, they are not necessarily iron-deficient in the soil. Most of them are cold and wet in the soil, and have poor root respiration and weak absorption capacity. The absorption of iron and other elements is difficult. This phenomenon occurs mostly in greenhouse vines or vineyards that have been covered with mulching film and have excessive soil moisture. At this time fertilization or watering will reduce the temperature, increase iron deficiency symptoms, and leaf iron can not replace the root absorption, can only be a temporary solution; fertilizer is too large, it is easy to burn roots. The first thing to solve in this case is the problem of soil permeability and root respiration, and soil loosening and dehumidification are effective measures. Because the soil is good, the roots are good; when the roots are good, the trees are strong; the trees are strong, and the physical diseases are less, and the output goes up.
Fourth, think that the more fertilization, the higher the yield
Many grape growers believe that the more grapes they grow, the better they grow and the higher the yield. According to the author's experiments for many years, the vineyards with high-concentration fertilizers were lower than the vineyards with medium- and low-concentration fertilizers, but the yield was even lower and the quality was worse. In addition, close to the trunk of the fertilization, not only the absorption and utilization of fertilizer is low, but also can easily cause the root system to be burned out, and has a great impact on tree growth. If a large number of rough roots died in the previous year, the spread of germs along the roots of death would result in the sudden death of the growing branches in the next year.
5. Only drip fertilizer when drip irrigation, do not drip clean water
Individual fertilizers are added to the individual orchards at the time of drip irrigation, and the drip of fertilizer immediately stops the drip of water. As the amount of water in each drop is limited, the evaporation of water on the surface causes the concentration of fertilizer in the soil to become higher and higher, eventually causing the roots to burn out. The integration of water and fertilizer should be preceded by drops of water before the first 15 minutes of water.
Fresh compost of chicken and pig manure Fresh chicken manure or pig manure contain more nitrogen and phosphorus, and the price is low. There are several issues to be paid attention to when applying it: First, the ammonia and putrescine contained in it. Odor) A great deal of damage to the leaves and roots of the grapes. Second, it will bring in a lot of germs and nematodes. Third, heavy metal pollution. This will increase the salt content of the soil, and the salinity of many dried chicken manure will exceed 10%, and the long-term application will cause soil salinization. Fourth, excessive nitrogen fertilizers cause unbalanced elements.
Fresh chicken manure or pig manure is simply composted. In the whole process, harmful bacteria and nematodes are not reduced, and part of the nitrogen fertilizer (ammonia and putrescine) is lost, and the environment is also affected. This fertilizer applied to the soil can easily cause serious burning of roots or cause root rot. Fresh chicken manure or pig manure needs to be stuffed with organic materials such as soaked stalks. After high-temperature fermentation, it becomes harmless and more easily absorbed by the grapes. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are also more balanced. And during the high-temperature fermentation process, harmful bacteria and nematodes are killed in large quantities, making them safer for the grapes and making the soil healthier.
Chicken feces or pig feces after high-temperature fermentation and decomposing smelled no odor, white mycelium was distributed, no hyphae could be seen in unfamed chicken or pig feces, and the smell was rather odorous. It is recommended that fruit growers ferment chicken manure and pig manure with a starter, which has a low cost and good effect.
7. Acidify severe soil and continue to apply physiological acid fertilizer
The pH value of soil affects the absorption of mineral elements by grapes, and is closely related to the activity of microorganisms and the population distribution. It also has a great influence on the growth and development of grapes. Under acidic conditions, the organic matter in the soil is decomposed, the buffering capacity of the soil is reduced, soil compaction is caused, the permeability of water permeability is deteriorated, and the growth and development of the crop are seriously affected. Acidic soils produce fungi that increase root rot and root knot nematodes. Ordinary old orchards result in soil acidification due to continuous use of sulfur-based or chlorine-based fertilizers for many years. If the soil has been acidified, it is not appropriate to apply physiological acidic fertilizers again. It should be regulated by physiological alkaline fertilizers, which can be used alone or in combination with other fertilizers.
Eight, excessive application of phosphate fertilizer
Excessive phosphorus in the soil affects the absorption of zinc, iron, boron, and manganese by grapes. Excess phosphorus also causes the ionized calcium and magnesium to be solidified and the absorption is reduced. The demand for calcium and magnesium in grapes is much greater than the demand for phosphorus.
Nine, high temperature, lack of fertilization
The application of quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the early stage of fruit ripening can not only improve fruit quality, but also strengthen the resistance of the tree. However, at this time the temperature is high, soil moisture is not good, if the irrigation is not timely after fertilization, the concentration of fertilizer absorbed by the roots is large, and the phenomenon of coking of the leaf margin after fertilization is easy to occur, so that the function of the leaves is impaired and the photosynthesis is affected, thereby affecting the fruit quality and price At the same time, the disease resistance of the leaves also declined. If there is more rain in the later period, the disease of the leaves is serious and even causes the leaves to fall early.
Tenth, fertilizer application balance is wrong
Some growers believe that applying a fertilizer with a N, P and K content of 15 is balanced fertilization. In fact, this is just a balanced balance of fertilizers. There is no relationship with scientific balanced fertilization. According to different growth stages of crops, applying different proportions of fertilizer is the real balanced fertilization technology.
The potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is sprayed in time before the grape is in bloom, in the young fruit period and during the expansion period, so that sufficient nutrients and moisture of the fruit tree mother can be saturated to supply the development and enlargement of pulp. If autumn fertilization is carried out, if there is no shortage of fertilizer before flowering, try not to apply or reduce nitrogen fertilizer, especially the Kyoho series, in case of excess nutrients, resulting in falling flowers and falling fruit. Phosphate fertilizers should be used for flowering at flowering stage, and boron, zinc, iron and other trace elements should be added to make the length of new shoots suitable. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when the leaves are hypertrophy and color green. The fruit coloring period is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. After applying the fruit, appropriate amount of NPK fertilizer is applied to promote early restoration of fruit tree function and avoid premature aging.
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