Winter management of greenhouse grapes is an important basis for winning grape harvests in the coming year. The following key measures must be grasped in winter management technology.
prune
1. Pruning period. The winter shearing period of grapes cultivated in greenhouses must be carried out after the grape plants have completely entered deep dormancy after the leaves have fallen. Generally, it will be completed from mid-December to the end of December. Too late will affect its subsequent management work.
2. Pruning method. According to the different types of cultivation, the characteristics of the variety and the strength of the tree strength determine the repair. The specific method of cutting. First cut off pests, and branches that are too thick (the diameter of the female base is more than 1.5 cm when connected to the main branch).
Different frame trims. Greenhouse viticulture racks generally use hedge racks, V-shaped racks and small racks. Fence frames were used for the first two years of fruit-hanging, and V-shaped frames were mainly used after fruit-hanging. When the hedgerow is pruning, choose the position of the parent branches to stay along with the branch buds with the pull line of the grape frame; the selection position of the mother branches of the V-shaped frame should be biased to both sides; the small trellis should be adopted because the planting distance is relatively dense. The shaping method of the rod is to directly select the resultant branch on the main vine.
Prune according to species characteristics. Most Eurasian species in local cultivation have the disadvantage of vigorous growth and difficulty in flower formation. The fruit quality of planting in greenhouses is better than that of European and American hybrids. Such as purple crisp, early red grape, summer solstice red, etc., the pruning of this kind of varieties should be pruned with medium and long shoots, and the middle branch should leave 4 to 6 short buds. If the result is stronger, the mother branch leaves 6-8 buds and cuts the head. There are 7000 to 8000 buds per mu, so that they can be adjusted when the flower ears can be distinguished later. Varieties with moderate growth vigor that are easy to flower, such as Ziyu, Venus Seedless, Fujiminori, etc., carry out 2-3 short shoot re-cutting on the fruiting mother branch, leaving about 5,000 buds per mu.
Disinfection
1. Clear the garden. After pruning the grapes, remove all the litter in the garden and peel off the old skins on the main poles and vines for centralized burning and deep burying to reduce the source of disease.
2. Disinfection. Use Baume 2～3 degree lime sulfur mixture and 0.5% sodium pentachlorophenate to disinfect the ground, scaffolds and plants in the garden. In early February, when the plant buds in the pom-pom stage, use a mixture of lime sulfur of 0.5 to 1 degree and 0.2% sodium pentachlorophenate to spray again to eliminate the source of the disease.
Lime nitrogen treatment
Treatment of grape shoots with 15%-20% lime-nitrogen solution after winter pruning of greenhouse grapes can promote early grape germination for 3 to 5 days and increase the germination rate by about 30%. Processing time: from the end of December to the beginning of January of the following year. It is best to choose a sunny day at noon (after 10 am to before 3 pm).
Shelter time
Greenhouse promotes cultivation, and the time of covering with film is directly related to the ripening of grapes. According to climatic characteristics, it cannot be too early or too late. If the natural dormancy time of the grapes covered by a shed too early is not reached, the cooling capacity (generally, the cooling capacity of grapes below 7.2°C requires 700-1500 hours) is insufficient to cause the germination rate Decrease, and premature sprouting (generally sprouting starts 25 to 30 days after covering the shed), the shoots will be threatened by the early spring cold and cause freezing damage to the shoots. However, if the shelter is too late, it will not show the effect of early cultivation. The period of sheltering should be carried out appropriately according to the characteristics of different cultivars. The varieties with short cooling capacity such as Jinxing Seedless, Zaoyu, and Ziyu (with cooling capacity 700～1000 hours) can be covered in early January, and those with long cooling capacity Varieties such as Fujiminori, Natsuhei, and Jingya (requiring 1100 to 1300 hours of cooling) can be covered in the middle and late January, and should be completed by the end of January at the latest.
Fertilizer management
Fill the grapes with enough water in time after covering the shed. The whole shed is closed. 15kg of urea or 30kg of ammonium bicarbonate plus 3kg of boron fertilizer per mu will be applied one week before germination (from the end of January to the beginning of February). At the same time, use 0.5% urea solution and 100㎎/L 920 to spray the grape branch buds once to promote germination and increase the germination rate.
Temperature and humidity control after covering
1. After covering the shed to before budding. The whole shed is closed, relatively maintaining the high temperature and high humidity in the shed, and the maximum temperature is controlled below 35℃. Exceed the critical temperature and appropriately let the air cool down; when the humidity is lower than 90%, spray water on the grape branches to increase the relative humidity.
2. After germination to pompon stage. The maximum temperature is controlled below 30℃, the minimum temperature is controlled above 5℃, and insulation measures should be taken below the minimum critical temperature, such as double film covering (that is, a layer of film is covered on the branches of the plants in the greenhouse, and the film is added at night. Cover a layer of non-woven fabric, etc.). The relative humidity is controlled below 60%. If the humidity is too high, the garden can be protected and covered with mulch, which can not only reduce the humidity but also increase the ground temperature, and adjust the upper and lower growth balance.
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