Pond selection and treatment
1. Choose a pond with flat beach surface, fine sandy or muddy sand, and convenient drainage and drainage. The salinity of seawater should be between 15 ‰ and 30 ‰.
2. Ponds that have raised prawn must clear the beach and then dry them with a rotary plow. 50 kg of quicklime or 30ppm of bleach can be treated per acre.
Second, the influent water and fertilizer mixed with water after the bottom of the pool, it is timely to enter the water, into the sea water need to use 60 mesh or 80 mesh sieve mesh filter to prevent enemy pests into the pool, the depth of 20-30 cm is appropriate . After fertilizing the water, the commonly used fertilizers include fermented chicken manure, cow dung and inorganic fertilizer. Propagation of plankton, in which phytoplankton is used as a clam diet, and zooplankton is used as a diet for juvenile shrimp.
Third, the transport and delivery of clams
1. The clams should avoid the high temperature season during transportation and be suitable for transportation in spring and autumn. Seedlings should be selected for dried dew, shells without scars, and good color, which can improve the survival rate.
2. Shrimp ponds are mixed and bred, and the amount to be put is generally determined according to the rules of the seed. Such as seedlings about 3 cm long shell, 30-40 per square meter (calculated according to the actual delivery area). For example, if the beach is of good quality and the shrimp ponds are convenient for drainage and drainage, the number of shellfish seedlings may be appropriately increased.
Fourth, daily management
1. Water temperature: The growth and survival of clams are closely related to the water temperature. The clams can grow in the range of 10-30°C. The optimum water temperature is 25-27°C. During the high temperature season, the pool floor can be maintained by increasing the water level in the pool. Water temperature stability.
2. Salinity: The clam has a wide adaptability to salinity of seawater. It can grow normally within the salinity range of 10 ‰-30 ‰. When the salinity is slightly lower than 6 ,, no death will occur within a short time. Have a certain influence on the normal growth of the clam. Before severe storms, the salinity of the seawater below the pool can be stabilized by increasing the water level in the pool. After the storm, the upper salinity seawater should be drained in time to prevent the rapid decline of sea salinity in the pond and the normal growth and death of the shrimp.
3, bait creatures: Clam is a filter-feeding shellfish, and its source of feed is entirely dependent on seawater, a single algae and organic debris. Wenxuan is not selective on the type of bait, and its food intake is closely related to the amount of bait and the size of the pellets. However, when the content of unicellular algae in the polytrophic water is too high, it can easily cause oxygen deficiency and affect the normal growth of shrimp and clams. Therefore, in the early polyculture stage, fertilizer and water work should be done. The water in the pool cannot be clear and lean. The number of unicellular algae is controlled within a certain range, and the water in the pool is fresh and cool. Therefore, usually pay attention to observe the water color, so that the water transparency in the 30-40 cm, done in time for water change.
4. The PH value and dissolved oxygen are managed according to the needs of shrimp culture. The water quality, pH value and dissolved oxygen of the polyculture pool can meet the living and growth needs of the clams.
V. Management of prawn farming Refer to "Chinese prawn farming practices"
VI. Management during the wintering period The wintering water of the wintertime in Wenqin should be kept at a depth of about 1 meter. The poor light intensity is not conducive to the growth of phytoplankton and affects the food intake and respiration of the clams. The water left over from the icing is too light. Less is not conducive to the survival of Wen Hao.
VII. Disease Prevention and Control The common diseases of pond culture clams include three main types: (1) Bacterial diseases, (2) Diseases caused by harmful algae, and (3) Biological hazards of predators. All of these diseases will cause harm to cultured clams to different degrees, which can seriously stop the clams from growing or cause extensive death. Therefore, it is one of the key measures to ensure the success of cultivation and reproduction and obtain good economic benefits.
1. Bacterial diseases Bacterial diseases are caused by bacterial infections. Among the various diseases during the culture of clams in ponds, the incidence of bacterial diseases is the highest, and the harm is the most serious, often resulting in widespread death of clams. Bacterial diseases caused by the death of the crickets are mainly four kinds of pathogens: Vekenia, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Pseudomonas spp., of which Vibrio vulgaris has the greatest damage to the cricket. The scorpion infected by Vibrio vulgaris has the following symptoms: the clam crawls from the sand to the beach, stops feeding, the shells are weak, the shells are easily peeled off, and the soft tissue appears edema, pale red or orange. Exudation of body fluids, jagged edges of the axe foot, 2-3 days of soft tissue began to ulcerate until death. At present, the occurrence of "edema disease" in the cultured clams of shrimp ponds is mainly caused by invading Vibriosis and cross-infection with other bacteria. In particular, the poor sediment quality of the ponds and the large amount of sludge deposition make it extremely susceptible to bacterial invasion and cross infection by other bacteria.
Prevention and control of Vibriosis invasion: (1) improve the living environment of the clams, strengthen the constitution and disease resistance of the clams, and prevent infection by bacteria; (2) improve the shrimp bottom quality and water quality; , Continuously change the water to the condition improved, and then resume normal water exchange; (3) After the onset of clams, bleaching powder and stable chlorine dioxide disinfection sterilization. The bleaching powder can be used once every other day. The first dosage is 1 ppm, the second dosage is 0.5 ppm, and the chlorine dioxide prevention concentration is 0.3 ppm. Therapeutic concentration is 0.5ppm. The use of bleaching powder and chlorine dioxide, according to the above amount will be dubbed into a solution Quanchiposa, generally 3-44 times can be effective.
2. Diseases caused by harmful algae The common harmful algae in shrimp ponds are filamentous cyanobacteria and large-scale green algae. In our city, the main species are Cladophora and Enteromorpha, and harmful algae are produced because shrimp ponds are thin, phytoplankton are too few, and pool water is too few. This is caused by too much transparency. The harmful propagation of harmful algae has the following disadvantages: (1) Absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the shrimp pond makes the pool water clear and transparent. The phytoplankton in the pool simply cannot reproduce. (2) Due to the lack of unicellular algae in the pond, the gentry lacked food stores, and not only did the theater grow, but the growth of the hackberry was stagnant. In particular, the large number of breeding of filamentous algae, as if masses of cotton batting cover the surface of the beach, can easily lead to hypoxia at the bottom of the shrimp pond, causing the text to suffocate and die.
Control methods for harmful algae: (1) Strengthen the transparency of the pool water, the transparency should be maintained at 30-40 cm. When the transparency exceeds 40 cm, fertilize in time. Apply 1.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizer and urea per acre, diammonium phosphate 0 , 5 kg, to maintain a certain density of single algae in water. (2) Excessive amounts of filamentous algae and green algae can be removed by means of traction. Specific practices: The shrimp pond is divided into several sections, and the nets are used along the pool side. After a period of repeated dragging, the filamentous algae and green algae can be removed. (3) The pool water can be drained completely to make the beach surface dry and taken out by an artificial hand. (4) The use of copper sulfate 0.3-0.5ppm or 0.5-1.0ppm of the enemy's net a day of the bath can kill harmful algae.
3. The enemy's biological disease, gobies, is one of the most important enemies of the clams. It will bite off the axe of the clams, causing the clams to stop growing, deformed, and even die. The gobies are more harmful to the seedlings and can smash the clam seedlings whose crust length is less than 1 cm. To prevent fish eggs or fry from entering the tank, a strainer should be used when entering the water. The specifications of the mesh should be based on different periods. If large amounts of goby are found in the pool, manual fishing may be adopted, and thorough replacement of water may also be adopted. Gutter water can also be kept in the pool and high doses of bleach can be used to kill the goby. However, it is absolutely not allowed to use tea seed cakes because it is very sensitive to tea seed cakes. Even trace amounts can cause heavy deaths of the clams.
VIII. After harvesting the shrimps in general, if the clams meet the specifications of the merchandise, they can be listed and arrested one after another. Therefore, the time for harvesting mixed-breeding clams should be determined according to the needs of domestic and foreign markets and the growth status of clams, and a plan should be conducted to timely collect clams that meet product specifications.
1. Choose a pond with flat beach surface, fine sandy or muddy sand, and convenient drainage and drainage. The salinity of seawater should be between 15 ‰ and 30 ‰.
2. Ponds that have raised prawn must clear the beach and then dry them with a rotary plow. 50 kg of quicklime or 30ppm of bleach can be treated per acre.
Second, the influent water and fertilizer mixed with water after the bottom of the pool, it is timely to enter the water, into the sea water need to use 60 mesh or 80 mesh sieve mesh filter to prevent enemy pests into the pool, the depth of 20-30 cm is appropriate . After fertilizing the water, the commonly used fertilizers include fermented chicken manure, cow dung and inorganic fertilizer. Propagation of plankton, in which phytoplankton is used as a clam diet, and zooplankton is used as a diet for juvenile shrimp.
Third, the transport and delivery of clams
1. The clams should avoid the high temperature season during transportation and be suitable for transportation in spring and autumn. Seedlings should be selected for dried dew, shells without scars, and good color, which can improve the survival rate.
2. Shrimp ponds are mixed and bred, and the amount to be put is generally determined according to the rules of the seed. Such as seedlings about 3 cm long shell, 30-40 per square meter (calculated according to the actual delivery area). For example, if the beach is of good quality and the shrimp ponds are convenient for drainage and drainage, the number of shellfish seedlings may be appropriately increased.
Fourth, daily management
1. Water temperature: The growth and survival of clams are closely related to the water temperature. The clams can grow in the range of 10-30°C. The optimum water temperature is 25-27°C. During the high temperature season, the pool floor can be maintained by increasing the water level in the pool. Water temperature stability.
2. Salinity: The clam has a wide adaptability to salinity of seawater. It can grow normally within the salinity range of 10 ‰-30 ‰. When the salinity is slightly lower than 6 ,, no death will occur within a short time. Have a certain influence on the normal growth of the clam. Before severe storms, the salinity of the seawater below the pool can be stabilized by increasing the water level in the pool. After the storm, the upper salinity seawater should be drained in time to prevent the rapid decline of sea salinity in the pond and the normal growth and death of the shrimp.
3, bait creatures: Clam is a filter-feeding shellfish, and its source of feed is entirely dependent on seawater, a single algae and organic debris. Wenxuan is not selective on the type of bait, and its food intake is closely related to the amount of bait and the size of the pellets. However, when the content of unicellular algae in the polytrophic water is too high, it can easily cause oxygen deficiency and affect the normal growth of shrimp and clams. Therefore, in the early polyculture stage, fertilizer and water work should be done. The water in the pool cannot be clear and lean. The number of unicellular algae is controlled within a certain range, and the water in the pool is fresh and cool. Therefore, usually pay attention to observe the water color, so that the water transparency in the 30-40 cm, done in time for water change.
4. The PH value and dissolved oxygen are managed according to the needs of shrimp culture. The water quality, pH value and dissolved oxygen of the polyculture pool can meet the living and growth needs of the clams.
V. Management of prawn farming Refer to "Chinese prawn farming practices"
VI. Management during the wintering period The wintering water of the wintertime in Wenqin should be kept at a depth of about 1 meter. The poor light intensity is not conducive to the growth of phytoplankton and affects the food intake and respiration of the clams. The water left over from the icing is too light. Less is not conducive to the survival of Wen Hao.
VII. Disease Prevention and Control The common diseases of pond culture clams include three main types: (1) Bacterial diseases, (2) Diseases caused by harmful algae, and (3) Biological hazards of predators. All of these diseases will cause harm to cultured clams to different degrees, which can seriously stop the clams from growing or cause extensive death. Therefore, it is one of the key measures to ensure the success of cultivation and reproduction and obtain good economic benefits.
1. Bacterial diseases Bacterial diseases are caused by bacterial infections. Among the various diseases during the culture of clams in ponds, the incidence of bacterial diseases is the highest, and the harm is the most serious, often resulting in widespread death of clams. Bacterial diseases caused by the death of the crickets are mainly four kinds of pathogens: Vekenia, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Pseudomonas spp., of which Vibrio vulgaris has the greatest damage to the cricket. The scorpion infected by Vibrio vulgaris has the following symptoms: the clam crawls from the sand to the beach, stops feeding, the shells are weak, the shells are easily peeled off, and the soft tissue appears edema, pale red or orange. Exudation of body fluids, jagged edges of the axe foot, 2-3 days of soft tissue began to ulcerate until death. At present, the occurrence of "edema disease" in the cultured clams of shrimp ponds is mainly caused by invading Vibriosis and cross-infection with other bacteria. In particular, the poor sediment quality of the ponds and the large amount of sludge deposition make it extremely susceptible to bacterial invasion and cross infection by other bacteria.
Prevention and control of Vibriosis invasion: (1) improve the living environment of the clams, strengthen the constitution and disease resistance of the clams, and prevent infection by bacteria; (2) improve the shrimp bottom quality and water quality; , Continuously change the water to the condition improved, and then resume normal water exchange; (3) After the onset of clams, bleaching powder and stable chlorine dioxide disinfection sterilization. The bleaching powder can be used once every other day. The first dosage is 1 ppm, the second dosage is 0.5 ppm, and the chlorine dioxide prevention concentration is 0.3 ppm. Therapeutic concentration is 0.5ppm. The use of bleaching powder and chlorine dioxide, according to the above amount will be dubbed into a solution Quanchiposa, generally 3-44 times can be effective.
2. Diseases caused by harmful algae The common harmful algae in shrimp ponds are filamentous cyanobacteria and large-scale green algae. In our city, the main species are Cladophora and Enteromorpha, and harmful algae are produced because shrimp ponds are thin, phytoplankton are too few, and pool water is too few. This is caused by too much transparency. The harmful propagation of harmful algae has the following disadvantages: (1) Absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the shrimp pond makes the pool water clear and transparent. The phytoplankton in the pool simply cannot reproduce. (2) Due to the lack of unicellular algae in the pond, the gentry lacked food stores, and not only did the theater grow, but the growth of the hackberry was stagnant. In particular, the large number of breeding of filamentous algae, as if masses of cotton batting cover the surface of the beach, can easily lead to hypoxia at the bottom of the shrimp pond, causing the text to suffocate and die.
Control methods for harmful algae: (1) Strengthen the transparency of the pool water, the transparency should be maintained at 30-40 cm. When the transparency exceeds 40 cm, fertilize in time. Apply 1.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizer and urea per acre, diammonium phosphate 0 , 5 kg, to maintain a certain density of single algae in water. (2) Excessive amounts of filamentous algae and green algae can be removed by means of traction. Specific practices: The shrimp pond is divided into several sections, and the nets are used along the pool side. After a period of repeated dragging, the filamentous algae and green algae can be removed. (3) The pool water can be drained completely to make the beach surface dry and taken out by an artificial hand. (4) The use of copper sulfate 0.3-0.5ppm or 0.5-1.0ppm of the enemy's net a day of the bath can kill harmful algae.
3. The enemy's biological disease, gobies, is one of the most important enemies of the clams. It will bite off the axe of the clams, causing the clams to stop growing, deformed, and even die. The gobies are more harmful to the seedlings and can smash the clam seedlings whose crust length is less than 1 cm. To prevent fish eggs or fry from entering the tank, a strainer should be used when entering the water. The specifications of the mesh should be based on different periods. If large amounts of goby are found in the pool, manual fishing may be adopted, and thorough replacement of water may also be adopted. Gutter water can also be kept in the pool and high doses of bleach can be used to kill the goby. However, it is absolutely not allowed to use tea seed cakes because it is very sensitive to tea seed cakes. Even trace amounts can cause heavy deaths of the clams.
VIII. After harvesting the shrimps in general, if the clams meet the specifications of the merchandise, they can be listed and arrested one after another. Therefore, the time for harvesting mixed-breeding clams should be determined according to the needs of domestic and foreign markets and the growth status of clams, and a plan should be conducted to timely collect clams that meet product specifications.
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