1. Mineral elements in tea tree Tea trees on the one hand can absorb carbon dioxide and water from air and water, synthesize organic substances through photosynthesis in the body, and on the other hand can also absorb various inorganic elements from the environment (mainly soil) in vivo. Through assimilation, it becomes what it needs. Nutrition is the material basis for growth and other life activities. Tea tree vigor, fresh leaf yield, and quality of tea are closely related to nutrition. 1. The tea tree contains the mineral elements in the tea tree body. Many mineral elements have been discovered so far, but whether they are a large number of elements or trace elements are indispensable in the growth and development of tea plants. And there is a close connection between them. If there is a lack of certain elements, the function of other elements will be suppressed. Physiological effects of seven elements of tea, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, and sulfur, and contents of various components in fresh leaves. (1) Nitrogen 1 Physiological functional nitrogen directly or indirectly affects the metabolic activity of tea plants. And growth and development, it is composed of the tree cell protoplasm - the main component of the protein, is the formation of plants, especially the formation of budding components. Nucleic acids, phospholipids, vitamins (B1, B2, B6), caffeine, most biofilms, hormones, and many other important organic substances contain nitrogen. All the metabolic processes in the tree, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and transformation between various types of organic matter, require a biocatalyst—an enzyme that acts as a form of protein—so nitrogen is involved in the synthesis of the enzyme. . Nitrogen is also the main component of chlorophyll. In addition, as an important coffee reduction effect of tea, the constituents of tea aroma, taste amino acids, tea tannins, amides, etc. are all nitrogen compounds. Solid nitrogen plays an important role in the metabolism of tea plants. Nitrogen affects the physiological processes and growth of tea plants. 2 Nitrogen Deficiency Symptoms Nitrogen deficiency in tea plants impedes the synthesis of protein and chlorophyll. With the decrease in chlorophyll content, the yellow color appears first, the bud leaves become thin, and the yellow and green leaves of the old leaves are orange or red-purple, and then the tree vigor declines, and the branching is weak. , And a large number of clips appear, internode shortened, withered phenomenon. The annual nitrogen content of young shoots is about 4.5%, and the average old leaf is about 3.5%. It is generally considered that when the leaf nitrogen content is below 3%, it can be used as a sign of nitrogen deficiency. Nitrogen is most likely to be deficient in sandy soils with low organic matter content. (2) Phosphorus 1 Physiological function Phosphorus is an important component of nucleic acids, nucleotides, nucleoproteins, phospholipids, and many coenzymes in cells. Therefore, it is closely related to cell division activities. Phosphorus is also an important component of enzymes and coenzymes, so it is related to photosynthesis, respiration, and the metabolism and operation of carbohydrates. In particular, adenosine triphosphate and diphosphate glycosides, which serve as energy storage and transfer functions in cells, are all phosphorus-containing compounds. The compounds play an important role in the life activities of tea plants. Phosphorus is easy to move in the tree, and it is particularly abundant in metabolically prone young parts. Phosphorus deficiency has the greatest effect on growth and synthesis. Phosphorus exists in the body of the tea, generally can be divided into four types: a. Ester-soluble. b. Soluble in acidic solution, including inorganic phosphate and metabolic intermediates, which are mainly phosphate compounds, content is very small. c. Insoluble in acid solution. There are inorganic phosphorus present in cells, as well as organic phosphorus present in nucleic acids, nucleoproteins, lecithin, and the like. d. It also exists in many enzymes and vitamins. 2 Phosphorus deficiency Phosphorus deficiency in tea gardens. Tea plants grew slowly, and the yield and quality of tea decreased. Then, the roots grew poorly, and the roots in the roots became early lignification. They gradually turned reddish-brown and their absorptive capacity decreased significantly. After that, the young leaves in the shoots gradually darkened. Red, the most serious petiole. If phosphorus deficiency progresses, the old leaves will lose their luster and gradually change from green to dark green or dark red, and symptoms will worsen every winter. Severe phosphorus-deficient tea leaves turned from dark red to yellow-white, stems and leaves grow slowly, branches are few, plants dwarf, flowers and fruit are few or no flowers, birth is stagnant. Because some of the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency in tea plants are sometimes similar to those of other deficiency syndromes, it is necessary to combine the morphological characteristics of nutrient deficiencies with the determination of soil agrochemicals to visually analyze the deficiency of phosphorus in tea plants. Generally, when the quantity of phosphorus extracted from the 0.1NHCI solution in the soil of the tea garden is very small, the phosphorus content of the third leaf of the tip of the spring tea shoot is lower than 0.9%, or the phosphorus content of the third leaf of the compound tea and autumn tea is lower than 0. At 5%, there is a possibility of phosphorus deficiency. When phosphorus is found in tea plants, it must be applied in time. In addition, we must focus on improving the physicochemical properties of the soil, increasing the content of organic matter in the soil, reducing the ability of the soil to fix phosphorus, and preventing the applied phosphate fertilizer from being converted by the active aluminum and active iron into closed-state phosphorus that is difficult for tea plants to use. For the root system, due to the weakening of splitting of phosphorus-deficient cells, it is particularly easy to cause a decrease in the absorption root (root hair). Therefore, even if the application of phosphate fertilizer after the development of symptoms is difficult to recover. Rainy areas are prone to lack of phosphorus. (3) Potassium 1 Physiological Function Potassium is present in the tree body in an ionic state and therefore has high water solubility. Potassium is not an integral part of tea plant organic matter, but the normal growth of tea plants requires a large amount of potassium, which acts as a catalyst or an auxiliary function and can catalyze a variety of enzymatic reactions in cells. Potassium also promotes better use of light energy in tea plants. When potassium is severely deficient, photosynthesis is inhibited and respiration is enhanced, resulting in disordered carbohydrate metabolism and the inability to synthesize starch and fatty acids. In addition, potassium is also related to the operation of sugar. Potassium can regulate the salt concentration (osmotic pressure) in cells and can buffer organic acids in the tea tree. In addition, potassium can enhance tea tree resilience. Potassium is more likely to be lost in leaf tea plantations. Therefore, it is important to use appropriate amounts of potassium fertilizer. 2 Potassium Deficiency Symptoms Potassium deficiency teas usually grow slowly, and their yield and quality decline. The symptoms of potassium depletion first appeared in the newly matured leaves of the plants, while the immature young leaves had no obvious symptoms. When the potassium deficiency is severe, first of all, the young leaves turn green and gradually turn pale yellow, the leaves are thin and small, the number of clips increases, the internodes shorten, the veins and petioles gradually turn pink; then the tips of the old leaves turn yellow, and gradually Expand to the base, then the edges of the leaves curl upward or downward, and the leaves become brittle and fall off earlier. Therefore, the lack of potassium makes the photosynthesis of the leaves less effective, the new leaf formation rate decreases, the leaf area decreases, and the yield decreases. At the same time, lack of potassium will make the development of stems slower and sparse and thin branches. In the extreme case of potassium deficiency, the plants exhibited "dried shoots." The distinguishing symptom of potassium deficiency is that the veins near the margins of the leaf turn from pale yellow to tan or brown, causing "potassium coke." In addition, potassium-deficient tea plants are also susceptible to pests and diseases, the winter cold resistance is significantly weakened, and it is vulnerable to frost damage and appears dark purple. The effective potassium in the soil is lower than 50PPm, and the potassium content in spring buds and leaves of spring tea is lower than 2.0%. It can be diagnosed as potassium deficiency in the initial period of tea plants, and potassium fertilizer must be added in time. (4) The calcium content of calcium tea tree generally accounts for 0.2-1.2% of dry matter. The physiological function of calcium is to form the mesangial layer of the cell wall, maintain the structure of chromosomes and membranes, and is essential for the development of root hair and root system of tea trees, and promote the absorption of potassium and anions. It is both an enzyme component and an enzyme activity and promotes photosynthetic activity. Product transport prevents poisoning of metal ions and delays plant aging. The differential symptoms of calcium deficiency in tea plants were that the plant roots became smaller, the root tip stopped elongating, and the tissues were translucent. Although lateral roots were produced, they soon died and the root hairs became distorted into bulbs; the aboveground parts began to show symptoms from young leaves. The growing young leaves tend to yellow, and the growth of the top and subsequent edges of the leaves is hindered. The leaves are twisted due to continued growth in the middle, and the diseased part is then necrotic. The stem growth point died and the top bud lost its growth advantage. (5) Magnesium and magnesium are mainly found in young organs and tissues. The content of magnesium in the tree is higher in roots, followed by shoots, and the content of branches is lower. Magnesium is the core component of chlorophyll in tea leaves. It is directly involved in photosynthesis and phosphorylation. At the same time, it has a good role in promoting the formation and accumulation of hexalobal alcohol. Magnesium also promotes respiration and phosphorus absorption by tea plants. Therefore, magnesium is an essential element for the normal metabolism of tea plants. Magnesium is an effective enzyme catalyst in the tree body. When tea plants lack magnesium, the symptoms first appear on the old leaves of the school and then gradually develop into young leaves, which are characterized by the appearance of yellow markings on the leaves. When severe, it develops into yellow leaves. Magnesium may be regarded as magnesium deficiency when the content of magnesium in leaves is less than 0.1%. (6) The accumulation of aluminum in aluminum tea trees varies greatly due to differences in species, age, leaf age, rainfall, topography, and soil. Tea trees will absorb aluminum throughout their lives and can be stored in leaves. Therefore, the old leaf content Higher than young leaves. Aluminum can increase the photosynthesis efficiency of tea plants and promote tree growth. It can increase the acidity and make certain elements change from unusable state to usable state and promote the absorption of phosphorus and manganese by tea plants. Aluminum also has the effect of promoting root growth and lush foliage, especially when the concentration of aluminum is more than 4 times that of phosphorus, aluminum has a greater effect on promoting the root system. Aluminum can also intensify the synthesis of polyphenols, which have an antagonistic effect with calcium and magnesium. This has a buffer effect in preventing the damage caused by excessive calcium and magnesium. (7) Ferro-iron participates in the photosynthesis of tea plants and affects growth and development. Iron is a cytochrome component that is a prosthetic component of peroxidase, peroxidase, and cytochrome oxidase. It is a base or catalyst for ferredoxin and some enzymes in the formation of chlorophyll. Containing nitrogen also contains phosphorus, so the formation of these prosthetic groups is suppressed when iron is deficient, and the required amount and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus are also significantly reduced. Iron can also accelerate the redox process of the material and promote the synthesis of chlorophyll. When the tea tree is iron-deficient, the plants show symptoms of chlorosis. At the same time, the photosynthetic efficiency is extremely low, affecting the growth and the formation of flower buds. 3. Trace mineral elements and their physiological functions in tea trees In addition to the need for more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron and other elements, the amount of other mineral elements is not much, even accounting for only one million parts A few, but all are indispensable. Once it is lacking, it will also affect the growth and development of tea plants. Several major trace mineral elements are described below. (1) The content of manganese in manganese tea tree is higher than that of aluminum, which is higher than that of other crops. The content of old leaves is the highest, followed by buds, and the content of stems and roots is the lowest. Manganese is required for all forms of cellular life. It has a strong redox capacity and has a special role in the metabolism of tree materials. Manganese also promotes the reduction of nitrate nitrogen in the roots of tea plants, allowing the rapid absorption of nitrate nitrogen into ammonium nitrogen and the subsequent synthesis of amino acids. It is also a catalyst for malic enzyme, C-carboxylase, citrate dehydrogenase, etc., and is also involved in the indispensable cysteine ​​cystine reaction in the tree. Manganese also plays an important role in enhancing the respiratory intensity of tea plants and increasing the content of vitamin C and polyphenols. In addition, manganese is a necessary substance for the synthesis of chlorophyll and therefore can promote the photosynthesis of tea plants. Manganese is also an element that is more difficult to move and redistribute in the body. The lack of manganese in tea plants is often linked to the alkaline response of the soil. The excessive concentration of manganese in the tea gardens has a significant effect on the absorption of iron by tea plants. (2) Zinc and zinc play an important role in the physiology and biochemistry of tea plants. It regulates the conversion of sugar in the tree. Its role involves almost all the processes of growth and development of tea plants, affecting growth, development, aging, cold resistance, and disease resistance. aspect. Zinc is also a component of some important glutamate dehydrogenases, a catalyst for the synthesis of tryptophan by strontium and serine, and a decarboxylation of ribulose phosphate hydroxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate hydroxylase, and carbon metabolism. Hydrogenase activity has a promoting effect. Zinc can enhance the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in roots of tea plants, thereby promoting the sprouting and vigorous growth of tea plants and increasing the growth potential of tea plants. Therefore, when tea plants are deficient in zinc, growth of shoots is severely inhibited, and photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism are hindered. Zinc can also induce the roots of young tea trees to grow more. Cuttings treated with zinc solution showed good root development. (3) Boron-boron is an indispensable component of tea tree-forming calcium pectate. It promotes cell division and promotes the operation and storage of carbohydrates in the tree body. It also facilitates the conversion of tyrosine, which is beneficial to nucleic acids and ATP. Formation, so boron is directly related to the normal growth and differentiation of meristem cells. In the absence of boron, the formation of these substances is destroyed, and the requirement and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus are also significantly reduced, cell division is blocked, the leaves have white spots, the leaves are thick and dull, the growth is slow, and pollen development is poor. Flowering is not strong. A tea tree that is severely depleted of boron has an overflow of cell fluid, root rot and growth stagnation. (4) Copper and copper are necessary for all living cell forms. They are components of tea polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate oxidase. Copper can also improve the stability of the chlorophyll of tea and promote the light reaction. Therefore, in the upper part of the tea tree, where the content of chlorophyll is high, the content of copper is also high. In addition, in the process of tea fat metabolism, copper yellow protein has a catalytic effect. Copper-deficient tea plants are inhibited from redox, photosynthesis, respiration and fat metabolism, and their growth is hindered. The tea plants growing in the copper-deficient soil will have symptoms such as atrophy of top buds, chlorosis, whitening, and reduced chlorophyll content. (5) The lack of molybdenum in molybdenum tea tree will inhibit the progress of nitrogen metabolism, resulting in yellowing, chlorosis, and extension of shoots. Molybdenum is a prosthetic component of nitrate reductase, an obligatory inhibitor of acid phosphatase, a catalyst for oxidation-reduction of flavonoids, and participates in the formation of ascorbic acid. Molybdenum can also increase the nitrogen-fixing ability of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil of tea gardens, which is of great significance in improving the level of fluoride in soil and maintaining the nitrogen balance in the tea garden.
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