The feed industry is the basis for the rapid development of animal husbandry in China and an important way to achieve food conversion. Since the reform and opening up, with the continuous application of new equipment, new processes, and new technologies, there have been more and more kinds of feed, and the output has been increasing. The requirements for the quality and safety of feeds are also increasing. In order to ensure that people can timely and fully consume non-pollution, non-drug-safe, high-quality, nutritious livestock and poultry products, we must do everything possible to improve the quality and safety of feed. Ways to improve feed quality and safety, in addition to optimizing the formula of the feed and improving the production process, should also be devoted to reasonable storage of feed. Because the use of reasonable storage technology, not only can increase the storage time, reduce the loss of quantity, but more importantly, it can prevent the deterioration of feed and deterioration of nutritive function, thus effectively increasing the value of feed and the economic benefits of feed enterprises. 1 The storage characteristics of feeds There are many types of feeds, but from the perspective of its composition and processing, there are mainly grain and oil processing by-products and compound feeds. These feeds generally have the following characteristics due to their different raw material compositions and physical shapes and their storage characteristics. 1.1 Starch and protein content is high, and hygroscopic moisture-receptive rice bran has a starch content of 37.5% to 39%, a protein content of 15% to 17%, and a protein content of 30% to 50%. All of these ingredients have hydrophilic properties, so the feed has a strong ability to absorb moisture. On the other hand, due to the loose structure of grain and oil by-products and the large voidage, it also enhances its moisture absorption. According to experiments, under the same temperature and humidity conditions, the moisture absorption rate of bran is more than twice that of wheat, and the balance moisture of bran is also higher than other raw grains. For example, in the saturated state, the balance moisture of the bran can reach 38% to 40%, while the cereal grain is generally only 20%. Although the moisture content of the cake is between 5% and 10%, the outer layer is prone to moisture and mildew during storage. Because the compound feed also contains a lot of starch and protein, especially animal protein (fish meal, bone meal, meat meal, blood meal, silkworm meal, etc.) in the feed, the moisture absorption is very strong. 1.2 The amount of bacteria is high, and it is prone to mildew. As the feed contains nutrients such as sugar, protein, and fat, and it is crushed and steam-heated in the processing process, the nutrients are exposed and the moisture content is high, so the feed contains It is very easy to breed microorganisms, especially for the reproduction of molds. As a result of the proliferation of molds, not only will the nutrients be severely lost and spoiled, but also the feed will be poisoned under the influence of certain toxin-producing microorganisms, thereby endangering the health of humans and livestock. 1.3 The fat content is high, and the fat content of the easily processed oxidized rancid grain and oil by-products is relatively high. For example, the fat content of rice bran is generally between 17% and 18%, and even up to 22% in the new rice bran. Rice bran fat contains a considerable amount of lipase. Under the action of the lipase, the fat in the rice bran is easily decomposed, resulting in a large increase in free fatty acids. According to the experiment, the freshly-baked rice bran has a temperature of 30°C or more, and the acid value is 10 or less. After 5 days, the acid value rises to 15 or more; after 10 days, the acid value rises to 25 or more; after 20 days, it rises to 35 or more. The acid price rises fastest in summer, and it can rise to 80 after a few days. At the same time, the temperature of the rice bran also rises, and the red knot is fast. After the fat is decomposed, the acid value increases and the quality deteriorates. 1.4 Exposure to nutrients, raw materials that are prone to insect pests After mechanical comminution, the raw materials used to process feeds lose their skin protection and their nutrients are exposed. Therefore, under conditions of appropriate temperature and humidity, it is easy to breed a variety of stored grain pests, especially for beetles such as beetles, moth larvae, and mites, resulting in loss of quantity and quality. 2 Feed storage technology points 2.1 Control of moisture, low-temperature stored feed in the storage process of high temperature, high humidity environment, is the main cause of feed mold mildew. Because high temperature and high humidity can not only stimulate the activity of lipases, amylases, proteases and other hydrolytic enzymes, speed up the decomposition of nutrients in feed, but also promote the reproduction and growth of harmful organisms such as microorganisms, stored grain pests, etc. Hot and humid, resulting in mild heat of the feed. Experiments show that below 15°C, the pests are inactive, and the growth of high-temperature and medium-temperature microorganisms is inhibited. Below 8°C, the pests are paralyzed and there are few microbial growths. When the moisture content of the feed drops below 13%, there is little breeding of insects even when stored at higher temperatures. Therefore, when storing feeds at room temperature, it is generally required that the relative humidity be less than 70%, and the moisture content of the feed should not exceed 12.5%; if the ambient temperature is controlled below 15°C and the relative humidity is below 80%, long-term storage is also possible. of. 2.2 Anti-mildew and anti-microbial treatment to avoid mildew during storage, transportation, sales and use of deteriorating feeds. A large amount of fungal feed that grows and reproduces not only consumes and decomposes nutrients in the feed, but also causes feed quality to decline and pay to be reduced. Moreover, livestock and poultry can cause diarrhea and enteritis, resulting in decreased digestive ability and decreased lymph function. Can cause death. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the problem of mold control and antibiotics for feed. Practice has proved that in addition to improving the storage environment, the most effective method is to adopt physical or chemical means to prevent mold and bacteria. (1) Radiation sterilization. After the feed is crushed or granulated, it will infect some pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli. U.S. researchers used 10 GP gamma rays to radiate chick diets and store them for 1 month at 30 °C and 80% relative humidity. The molds did not breed; and the non-irradiated chicks' diets were in the same conditions and the same conditions. Mildew occurs after time storage. Irradiated feed can achieve sterilizing effects and can be stored for a long time without deterioration. (2) Add anti-mold agent. The fungicides used for feed are feed additives that can reduce the amount of microorganisms in the feed, control the metabolism and growth of microorganisms, inhibit the production of mycotoxins, prevent the loss of nutrients during the storage period of the feed, prevent the moldy deterioration of the feed, and prolong the storage time. There are many antifungal agents used abroad, such as potassium iodide, calcium iodate, calcium propionate, formic acid, seaweed powder, and orange peel alcohol extracts. According to research by Japanese scientists and technicians, a variety of antifungal agents are used in combination to achieve better results. For example, 92% of seaweed powder (wakame flour or seaweed powder) is mixed with 4% calcium iodate and 4% calcium propionate, according to 8 The added amount of % is added to the feed, and then placed in a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 100%, no mold will be produced within 1 month, and the feed without the mold inhibitor will be moldy within 5 days; A fungicide feed will mold for 10 to 15 days. Therefore, Japan will mix seaweed powder and calcium iodate to make a highly effective feed fungicide. The most commonly used anti-mould agents in China are benzoic acid and its sodium salt (usage and amount is not more than 0.1%), fumaric acid and its esters (general use amount is about 0.2%), propionic acid and its salts, Dehydroacetic acid (using about o.05%). There is also a compound type mildewcide obtained by mixing the above-mentioned fungicides in a certain proportion, for example, Kekeba produced in the United States is a mixture of propionic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid and the like. The composite anti-fungal agent has a wide antibacterial spectrum, a wide range of applications, a good anti-mildew effect, a small amount, and convenient use, and is a commonly used anti-mould agent in feeds. The use of antifungal agents in feed should pay attention to the dose, the dose is too high will not only affect the original taste of the feed and palatability (usually organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid and other volatile volatile, easily affect feed palatability, use of its salts Or esters may work better, but also cause animal acute and chronic poisoning and drug over-limit residue. In addition, the solubility of the fungicide itself, the storage environment of the feed, and the degree of feed pollution will all affect the effect of the anti-mold agent. Therefore, the anti-mould agent can be flexibly used according to the actual conditions such as environment and feed moisture content. For example, in the cool, dry and cold season of autumn and winter, when the feed moisture is below 11%, no anti-mildew agent is generally needed. If the moisture content is above 12%, the anti-mold agent should be used; if the feed has high water content, and the high temperature and humidity season, Appropriately increase the amount of anti-mold agent to ensure good anti-mildew effect. Since the deterioration of feed quality is also related to the oxidation of nutrients, anti-mold agents and antioxidants can be used in combination to maintain quality and prolong shelf life. (3) Use anti-mildew bags. Japanese researchers have invented a feed mold proofing package to ensure that the packaged feed will not develop mildew for a long time. This feed anti-mildew package is composed of a polyolefin resin containing 0.01% to 0.50% vanillin or ethyl vanillin. Since the polyolefin resin film can slowly vaporize vanillin or ethyl acetal and penetrate into the feed, it not only can prevent mold, but also can make the feed suitable for animal taste due to the aromatic taste. The outer layer of the bag is also covered with a film that prevents the diffusion of vanillin or ethyl vanillin. The vanillin or ethyl vanillin content in the polyolefin resin is at least 0.01%, preferably about 0.50%. If the content is low, the anti-mold performance is poor; if the content is too high, it will affect the film forming. (4) Chemical disinfection and radiation combined with mildew. Researchers from the former Soviet Union believed that chemically disinfecting the feed and then irradiating it would not only have good sterilization and anti-mold effect, but also increase the vitamin D content in the feed. They crush the feed to a diameter of about 2 mm, and add a chemical equivalent of 1.2% of ammonia or 2% of propionic acid or 2% of formic acid to feed weight, and in the case of continuous turning, the strength per square meter is used. Irradiation with 120 kilojoules of ultraviolet light can reduce the growth and reproduction of microorganisms in the feed by 99.8%, and it will not cause mildew in long-term storage. The content of vitamin D in feed also increases to 180 mg/kg, which is more effective than chemical disinfection alone. Radiation sterilization alone is much better. 3 Storage Techniques for Common Feeds 3.1 Storage of Byproducts for Grain and Oil Processing Newly-opened rice dumplings should be cooled and cooled to reduce the grain temperature before being put into storage. Short-term storage should be controlled within 15% of the moisture, long storage should be within 13% before safe storage. Pay special attention to inspections of insect pests and fever during storage. Pay attention to whether there are agglomerates, insects, and fever in the middle and lower layers of the stack. At the same time, the level should be deep-turned in the hot season to prevent condensation and mildew. Rice bran should not be stored for a long time. The storage time should not exceed 10 days. The rice bran in the hot season should be supplied with the machine. If rice bran must be stored due to special circumstances, lipase activity should be destroyed in advance and the acidity should be increased. For example, if the newly-opened rice bran is heated for 10 to 15 minutes in 2 to 4 hours, and the temperature reaches 95°C or higher, the moisture content will drop to 4% to 6% before long-term storage is possible. The heating temperature reaches 115 to 126°C. °C, rice bran whose moisture content drops to 3% to 4% can be stored for about half a month. When rice husks are put into storage, they should be stacked loosely, and the height should not exceed 1.33 meters. The stacking height of the conveyors automatically conveyed into the bins must not exceed 2 meters. When piled up, you cannot step on the surface with your feet. Because the accumulated heat inside the stack is not easy to disperse, it will accelerate the decomposition of fat. After rice bran enters the warehouse, it must be diligently inspected, diligently tipped over, and the temperature, color, and odor of the plutonium should be checked carefully. If there is a fever or agglomeration, it should be turned, aired, ventilated, and used as soon as possible. The newly-opened bran moisture is not high (about 13%), but the temperature is very high, although in the cold season, also reached about 30 °C, it should first be the temperature dropped to 10 ~ 15 °C below, and then off the bulk package Storage. In the winter, continue to use the method of turning the dome to prevent condensation and mildew. After the spring, immediately close the lid tightly to prevent intrusion of hot and humid outside. It is also necessary to diligently dig through the ground during storage. If fever and spoilage are found, it must be dealt with promptly. In the hot season, it is necessary to enhance heat dissipation and dampness. It is advisable to stack up to 5 bags. 3.2 Storage of Compound Feeds More than 70% of the compound feeds are corn or barley, wheat and other cereal energy materials. After these materials are crushed, molds can easily multiply in them, causing deterioration of the feed and even causing poultry poisoning. Commonly used rice bran, fish meal, pancakes, meat and bone meal, silkworm meal and other raw materials are high in fat content, improper storage, easily lead to spoilage. Addition of vitamins, etc., are also easily oxidized and deteriorated, reducing feed value. Therefore, the processed compound feed must be properly stored. The compound feed should be stored in a low-temperature, dry, dark, and clean place during storage. The storage time should be decided according to the validity period specified in the feed product specification. The storage period of compound granular feed is generally 1 to 3 months; the storage period of powdered feed should not exceed 10 days; the concentrated powder feed is generally added with an appropriate amount of antioxidant, and the storage period is 3 to 4 weeks; additive premix feed After adding antioxidants, the storage period can reach 3-6 months.
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