It is a combination of medicine and food, and it is called "è–(è‹¡)ä»ç±³" after shelling. It is mainly distributed in the southwest, northeast, central China, and southern China, and is a characteristic advantage product of some regions. In order to guide local governments to develop sputum production according to local conditions, promote scientific cultivation, and improve planting efficiency, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Small-scale Grain and Bean Experts Guidance Group and the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center proposed the guidance on production technology in 2019.
First, the southwestern production area
Southwest is the main producing area of ​​alfalfa planting in China, mainly including Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other provinces, mainly for grain use and a small amount for feeding. The area has abundant rainfall, and the variety has a long growth period and is suitable for spring sowing.
(1) timely sowing, reasonable close planting
It is usually planted in March-May and harvested in October-November. Choose large, full-bodied seeds, mix with appropriate pesticides before sowing, or coat with a coating agent to promote seed germination and prevent pests and diseases. The amount of planted acre is 2.5-3.5 kg, and it is broadcasted by seed or hole. The seedlings are fixed at 4-6 leaves. Generally, 0.8-12,000 plants are kept, and 2-4 plants per hole.
(2) Scientific irrigation, rational fertilization
According to the wet habits of alfalfa, the field water management follows the principles of moist seedling, drought jointing, water booting, foot water heading, wet grouting, and dry field harvesting. Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer, supplemented by inorganic fertilizer, and advocates the use of farmyard manure and biological fertilizer. The base fertilizer is applied with 1500-2000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 40 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. Combined with cultivating and weeding, 10-20 kg of urea is applied in the jointing period. At the heading stage, 10-20 kg of urea is applied per mu.
(3) Auxiliary pollination to improve the firmness
The cockroaches are monoecious and dioecious, and the female flowers of the same inflorescence are withered first, which are not synchronized with the development of male flowers, and often require pollen pollination by different plants. Generally, pollination is carried out by wind media. In the flowering period, the plants are vibrated by the tools such as ropes at 10.10-1..00 in the morning to make the pollen fly and improve the pollination rate.
(4) Disease prevention and pest control, quality assurance
At the seedling stage, attention should be paid to the control of corn borer and armyworm. At the heading stage, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of smut and leaf blight, and the diseased plants should be removed in time.
Second, the southern producing areas
It mainly includes Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, and Taiwan. The climate characteristics of this area are similar to those of the southwestern planting area, which is suitable for spring sowing.
(1) Sowing at the right time
It is usually planted from April to May and harvested from October to November. Choose large, full-bodied seeds for sowing, seed dressing before sowing, promote seed germination and prevent pests and diseases. The acreage is 2.5-3.5 kg, and the seeding or hole sowing, 4-6 leaf stage seedlings, generally 0.8-1.2 million seedlings, 2-4 per hole, dwarf varieties can increase the cultivation density. If it is planted in paddy field, seedling transplanting method can be used to make seedling beds with a width of 1-2 meters and a height of 10-15 cm. In early spring, seeding can be applied to prevent spring cold. The sowing period is determined by the transplanting period. Generally, it is controlled about 40 days before transplanting, and the acreage is 30-35 kilograms. The seedlings per acre can be transplanted 10-15 acres and transplanted at 4-6 leaves.
(2) Rational fertilization
Organic fertilizers are the mainstay, supplemented by inorganic fertilizers, and the application of farmyard manure and biological fertilizers is advocated. The base fertilizer is applied with 1500-2000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 40 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. Combined with cultivating and weeding, 10-20 kg of urea is applied in the jointing period. At the heading stage, 10-20 kg of urea is applied per mu.
(3) Auxiliary pollination to improve the firmness
Refer to the southwest planting area.
(4) Disease prevention and pest control, quality assurance
At the seedling stage, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of corn borer and armyworm. At the heading stage, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of smut and leaf blight, and the diseased plants should be removed in time.
Third, the northern producing area
The area mainly includes Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Shandong and other provinces. It has less precipitation in spring and low temperature. It is mostly broadcast in summer and has a short growth period.
(1) timely sowing, reasonable close planting
Spring sowing in the middle and late April, summer broadcast from late May to early June, no later than late June, September to November harvest. It is suitable for continuous cropping, and the former crops are suitable for leguminous, cruciferous and rhizome crops. For large area flat plots, mechanized seeding can be used. Select the seeds with full grain and mix the seeds before sowing. The amount of acre is 2.0-3.5 kg, and it is broadcasted by seed or hole. The seedlings are fixed at 4-6 leaves, and the seedling density is generally 20,000-30,000.
(2) Scientific irrigation, rational fertilization
Organic fertilizer is the mainstay, supplemented by inorganic fertilizer. The base fertilizer is applied with 1500-2000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 40 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. Combined with cultivating and weeding, 10-20 kg of urea is applied in the jointing period. At the heading stage, 10-20 kg of urea is applied per mu.
(3) Auxiliary pollination to improve the firmness
In the flowering period, 10..00-12..00, the plant is shaken with tools such as ropes to increase the pollination rate. Conditional wind turbines can also be used for artificial wind pollination.
Other management measures refer to the southwest planting area. (Agricultural and Rural Ministry)
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